Medicolegal aspects of death
Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones in Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 2019
Currently this is a non-statutory process but it is anticipated that a statutory service which will additionally include oversight of all community and out-of-hospital deaths will be in place by 2021. International classifications of disease are now well established and the WHO produced, with the full official name, the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The short form, International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is the international ‘standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management and clinical purposes’. ICD is the foundation for the identification of health trends and statistics globally, and the international standard for reporting diseases and health conditions. ICD defines the universe of diseases, disorders, injuries and other related health conditions, listed in a comprehensive, hierarchical fashion that allows for: Easy storage, retrieval and analysis of health information for evidenced-based decision making.Sharing and comparing health information between hospitals, regions, settings and countries.Data comparisons in the same location across different time periods.
The philosophy and concepts of casemix
Hugh Sanderson, Phil Anthony, Leonie Mountney, Lees Peter in Casemix for All, 2018
In exactly the same way, in describing patients and activities in health services, we need to be able to classify those patients and the activities provided to patients, in order to describe them and predict their needs for care or the prognosis of treatment. Of course, since every individual is unique, every patient is unique and every treatment is unique, but at some level of generalization it is possible to identify the common characteristics of patients and the common characteristics of their treatments. Indeed, without such an ability to classify, there would be no knowledge, there would be no medical or nursing textbooks and there would be no clinical trials or evidence-based medicine. Classification of patients has been undertaken for many years. One of the early examples of the uses of classification for statistical reporting was the London Bills of Mortality, by John Graunt,1 developed in the 17th Century. Over time, these systems developed into the International Classification of Diseases (ICD),2 which has been widely adopted across the world for the purpose of reporting mortality and morbidity.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Deception
Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier in Detecting Malingering and Deception, 2020
These developments prompted a total revamping of this chapter from the second edition. Since the second edition, two new versions of the DSM of The American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1980, 2004, 2013) have been released with each encompassing material changes in the PTSD diagnosis. Additionally, the World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases and Disorders ICD-10 remains in effect, and the release of ICD-11 is pending. As with the DSM, the two most recent versions of the ICD reflect an on-going evolution of changes in stress-related diagnoses and specifically with the PTSD diagnosis. The deliberation processes that have gone into the development of the recent versions of the DSM and ICD diagnostic systems have made a concerted effort to incorporate input from clinicians and to be based on data from empirical studies. This effort has been extensive, and has not been without criticisms of discipline bias, cultural insensitivity, and charges of political and financial influences (cf., Barbano et al., 2018; Kuester et al., 2017; Maercker et al., 2014; Spitzer, First, & Wakefield, 2007; Weathers, Marx, Friedman, & Schnurr, 2014).
Is it accurate to classify ALS as a neuromuscular disorder?
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Michael A. van Es, H. Stephan Goedee, Henk-Jan Westeneng, Tanja C.W. Nijboer, Leonard H. van den Berg
Through classification diseases that have more in common with one another than with others are grouped together[1]. Classification is of major importance as it shapes medicine and guides its practice. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that the international classification of disease (ICD) defines the universe of diseases, disorders, injuries and other related health conditions. By doing so, it provides the diagnostic classification standard for all clinical and research purposes. This data subsequently forms the foundation for evidenced-based decision-making, permits the monitoring of the incidence and prevalence of diseases, guides the allocation of resources and reimbursement, allows for the tracking of safety and quality guidelines, facilitates the sharing and comparison of health information between hospitals, regions, settings, and countries as well as across different time periods (https://icd.who.int/en).
Drug dependence as a split object: Trajectories of neuroscientification and behavioralization at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2023
Lisa Malich
Some years earlier, international experts and the competent authorities had changed diagnostic categories regarding addiction and drug use. In the German health system, the International Classification of Disease (ICD) published by the World Health Organization (WHO) was and is the central diagnostic tool, used for insurance coding purposes. In 1957, the WHO introduced the word “addiction” (Sucht) as the official term employed in the ICD.1In 1957, the official diagnostic term in the ICD was “addiction” (WHO, 1957). In the text, however, the term “dependence” was often used as a synonym until it finally replaced addictionas an umbrella term in 1964. Although the ICD is the central manual for the European context, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is more important in North America. In the DSM, the development of the category was different, with the term “substance use disorder” dominating (Shorter 2005). Moreover, “addiction” is still used more widely in the English-speaking world.
Colombian ocular infectious epidemiology study (COIES): presumed ocular tuberculosis incidence and sociodemographic characterization, 2015–2020
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2023
Carlos Cifuentes-González, Doménico Barraquer-López, Germán Mejía-Salgado, Juliana Reyes-Guanes, William Rojas-Carabali, Diego Polanía-Tovar, Alejandra de-la-Torre
The information and data in this study were obtained from the national database created by the Colombian Ministry of Health, known as the System of Information of Social Protection (SISPRO).17 Its function is to store, process, and systematize Colombian citizens’ information to make decisions that support the development of effective policies and monitoring in sectors, such as health, pensions, occupational risks, and social promotion. Health data is collected and codified by medical staff during each medical contact (inpatient or outpatient) from private and public health providers and insurers using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). All this demographic and clinical data are grouped in the Individual Records of Health Service Provision (RIPS).18 Also, it should be noted that the Colombian Health System has one of the most prominent coverages in Latin America, encompassing 49 million inhabitants that represent the 97.78% of the population in 2020, according to the most recent measurement.19
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