Intellectual impairment
R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms in Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume I – Sport Testing, 2022
Intellectual impairment is characterised by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning (low IQ score) and adaptive behaviours (difficulties in communication, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking and learning from experiences), assessed before the age of 18 (AAIDD, 2010). Consequently, cognitive functioning in individuals with intellectual impairment can be delayed and underdeveloped (Nader-Grosbois, 2014). These deficits in cognitive functioning can impact the individual’s ability to understand and attend to instructions, adapt to the environment, regulate behaviour and motivation and manage emotional and physical/physiological discomforts (Nader-Grosbois, 2014; Sakalidis et al., 2021). Individuals with intellectual impairment comprise about 2% of the general population and represent a wide range of sub-populations, depending on aetiology and severity of the intellectual impairment, age, level of cognitive development and additional limitations that accompany the impairment (Wouters et al., 2017). Individuals with intellectual impairment experience a high prevalence of additional health issues, with 98.7% having multimorbidity, including additional sensory impairments, i.e., visual and auditory, and limitations in physical function, i.e., muscular, motor and cardiorespiratory functions (Frey and Chow, 2006; Hilgenkamp et al., 2010; Kinnear et al., 2018). The number of additional health issues are related to the severity of the initial impairment, with higher severity leading to increased multimorbidity (Kinnear et al., 2018).
Pre- and Perinatal Factors in the Etiology of Mental Retardation
Michele Kiely in Reproductive and Perinatal Epidemiology, 2019
Thus IQs provide global categories classifying people by a very important human characteristic, similar in principle (though much more complex) to using height. Because of the relative nature of IQs, “prevalence” of any IQ-defined group is, in essence, a statistical expectation (e.g., 2.27% will fall <70 IQ, with a test of standard deviation 15, the population mean assumed to be 100). Subpopulations differ, and test means in particular populations change with time,6 but these can be researched and accommodated in definitions. Particular subdivisions of intellectual impairment, such as the conventional IQ <50, and 50 to 69 are susceptible to investigation as to their distributions in different populations, their changes over time, their associations with other organic, psychological or social characteristics, and their predictive value for service needs.
Individual conditions grouped according to the international nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders*
Christine M Hall, Amaka C Offiah, Francesca Forzano, Mario Lituania, Michelle Fink, Deborah Krakow in Fetal and Perinatal Skeletal Dysplasias, 2012
Prognosis: frequently perinatally lethal in males; females present with a less severe, although very variable phenotype. Hydrocephalus and laryngotracheomalacia are associated with a poor prognosis. Cranial osteosclerosis can cause severe headaches and cranial nerve compression, resulting in hearing loss, facial paralysis and visual impairment. Dental problems are also common. Intellectual impairment is present in a minority of cases. Final stature may be reduced. The sclerotic bone is fragile and has a tendency to fracture following minimal trauma.
Barriers to accessing mental health treatment for parents of children with intellectual disabilities: a preliminary study
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2020
Raphaella Osborn, Lynette Roberts, Ian Kneebone
An intellectual disability is a type of developmental disability that includes deficits in both adaptive and intellectual functioning [1]. With population prevalence rates of between 1% and 3% and a chronic course, intellectual disability has a significant impact on families, with numerous challenges for parents whose children have received a diagnosis of intellectual disability [2]. These challenges include the demands of finding and utilizing services, socioeconomic disadvantage due to cost of services and decreased ability to work (one parent generally has a caregiver role), stigma associated with having a child with an intellectual disability, long term carer burden and increased carer demands. Further, high rates of challenging behaviors are typically found in children with intellectual disability [3–6]. In relation to these stressors, parents of children with intellectual disability are more likely to experience psychological distress than parents of typically developing children, with higher rates of stress, worry, depression and reduced wellbeing [7–9]. In particular, increased parent stress has been found to be associated with the high rates of behavior problems in children with intellectual disability [10–13].
Advances in the design and discovery of novel small molecule drugs for the treatment of Dravet Syndrome
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Barbara Miziak, Stanisław Czuczwar
DS represents very severe symptoms of refractory epilepsy due to serious therapeutic challenges. The disease generally starts in infancy in between 4 and 8 months in the form of prolonged generalized (sometimes unilateral) clonic seizures. High fever may be frequently a precipitating factor. Subsequent seizure activity follows the first attack within 2 weeks – 2 months and the disease enters the next phase (worsening stage) in 1–4 year old children characterized by different seizure types associated with impairment of consciousness and autonomic symptoms. Mental retardation and behavioral disorders tend to emerge from the 2nd year of life. After a slight improvement in seizure activity, the patients enter the third phase, so-called stabilization stage. In this stage, seizure activity is mainly manifested during sleep and cognitive impairment is still observed. Also, even severe intellectual impairment may persist in some patients. A genetic background concerns a variety of gene mutations, the dominant one is related to voltage-gated sodium-channel gene α 1 subunit. Noteworthy, DS is associated with a high risk of SUDEP.
Musical interaction with children and young people with severe or profound intellectual and multiple disabilities: a scoping review
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2023
Linn Johnels, Simo Vehmas, Jenny Wilder
The review aims to identify all studies examining musical interaction in children and young people with S/PIMD in peer-reviewed journals written in English during the period 2000–2020. Potential studies were identified through computer-assisted searches in the PsychINFO, Scopus and PubMed databases. In addition, through Google Scholar, all papers were screened which cited the prior systematic review by Brown and Jellison (2012). The reference lists in the identified articles, and relevant review articles, were examined with the aim of identifying additional studies of relevance. The database searches were performed using various combinations of keywords and mesh/thesaurus terms, which were developed with assistance provided by the Stockholm University Library. The search terms consisted of descriptors related to: (i) intellectual or developmental disability (ii) music and (iii) children and young people. The databases were initially searched in October 2019, and the search was updated in January 2020. Table 1 presents the search terms used, and shows how they were combined in one of the databases, PubMed.
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