Cognitive Disorders and Lifestyle Change
Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra in Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Cognition utilizes the daily mental processes of thought to learn, form memories, and retrieve information that helps us in our daily lives. Cognition is an individual’s ability to learn new information, sustain focus and attention, problem solve and reason, maintain short- and long-term memory, and recall information (Cognitive Health and Older Adults, 2020). Cognitive function involves major processes, including receptive function, memory and learning, thinking, and expressive functions (Lezak et al., 2012). Receptive function allows one to select, acquire, classify, and examine information. Memory and learning relate to information storage and retrieval. Thinking involves information organization and reorganization. Thinking is complex and involves calculation, reasoning and judgment, organizing, planning, and problem solving. Thinking is a function of the entire brain. Expressive functions involve how information is communicated or acted upon. Expressive functions include speaking, physical gestures, facial expressions, writing, drawing, and manipulating. All of these systems work together. The brain navigates all the information it receives and decides what to do with it. The prefrontal cortex is responsible for decision making, complex thinking, and information analysis. The prefrontal cortex works along with the hippocampus and surrounding limbic structures such as the amygdala, allowing learning and memory formation. Basic cognitive processes include sensation, perception, attention, and memory.
Remediative approaches for cognitive disorders after TBI
Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda in Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Cognition entails specific skill sets (e.g., the ability to maintain a focus of attention) which, combined, form processes (learning, remembering, planning, problem solving). Interventions designed to improve overall cognitive function must, therefore, address both specific skill sets and processes. Because many cognitive skills combine to form processes of cognition, a review of the definitions here provides insight into the breadth and complexity of cognitive skills and processes. The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine9 and the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association8 guidelines combined may provide the most comprehensive inventory of cognitive skills and processes. These include attention, alertness, awareness, attention span, selective attention, stimuli recognition, stimuli discrimination, maintenance of the temporal order of stimuli, learning, retention, memory, organizing, categorizing, association, synthesis of information, comprehension, thinking, problem solving, decision making, planning, insight, reasoning, learning ability, maintenance of sequential goal-directed behavior with self-correction of responses, and emotionality.
The Exercise Effect on Mental Health in Children and Adolescents
Henning Budde, Mirko Wegner in The Exercise Effect on Mental Health, 2018
The term cognition includes processes of perception, attention, thinking/problem solving, memory, and language and is typically referred to as how the mind works (Pinker 1999). Cognitive control processes, also called executive functions, include different cognitive functions such as self-control, selective attention, cognitive inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility (Diamond 2013; Miyake et al. 2000). Executive functions are usually subsumed into the three categories of self-control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Self-control involves resisting temptations and avoiding impulsive acting. The working memory supports keeping information in mind and allows working with this information mentally (e.g. to solve a problem). And cognitive flexibility refers to the ability to change perspectives on how to solve a problem, and the flexibility to adjust to changing priorities, rules, or demands (Diamond 2013). Executive functions further contribute to the higher-order cognitive processes of planning, problem-solving, and reasoning and are linked to mental health (Collins and Koechlin 2012; Diamond 2013). Individuals suffering from mental disorders (e.g. attention deficit hyperactivity, conduct disorder, depression) show decreased executive functioning (Diamond 2005; Fairchild, van Goozen, Stollery, Aitken, & Savage 2009; Taylor Tavares et al. 2007).
Memory enhancement of fresh ginseng on deficits induced by chronic restraint stress in mice
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Liming Dong, Yi Wang, Jingwei Lv, Hongxia Zhang, Ning Jiang, Cong Lu, Pan Xu, Xinmin Liu
Epidemiological studies implicate that stress is one of the crucial risk factors for the development of various psychiatric disorders.1,2 Chronic stress has been shown to induce cognitive impairment, depression, and anxiety in rodents.3,4 Chronic restraint stress (CRS) is generally accepted as an easy and convenient method for psychological and physical stress, and widely used for the cognitive study. Cognition refers to the procedure of acquiring and processing information, which is involved in attention, perception, learning, remembering, and decision-making.5,6 Many cognitive impairment diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, always characterized by learning and memory deficits.7 Substantial evidence prove that CRS-induced learning and memory deficits, such as the retention of spatial memory, the learning ability in reward-directed instrumental conditioning test, and passive avoidance response in step-through test.8,9
A screening protocol incorporating brain-computer interface feature matching considerations for augmentative and alternative communication
Published in Assistive Technology, 2020
Domains included in the screening protocol were based on a literature review of BCI and motor imagery assessment and selected by a core research team consisting of a BCI engineer, neuroscientist, and two speech-language pathologists (SLPs) certified in clinical competency (one with expertise in BCI and one in motor speech disorders). The domains identified for inclusion were: 1) sensory (including vision and hearing), 2) cognition (including comprehension and orientation, following directions, attention and working memory, and cognitive motor learning/abstract problem solving), 3) motor imagery (including explicit and implicit imagery ability), and 4) other BCI considerations that includes: fatigue, pain, motivation for using BCI, comfort with computers, motor function, positioning, literacy, and medical considerations (i.e., history of seizures, use of medications).
A narrative review of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on cognitive performance in Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Growth Factors, 2020
Noor Azila Ismail, Mohammad Farris Iman Leong Abdullah, Rohayu Hami, Hazwani Ahmad Yusof
Cognition is linked to how a person understands the world and behaves within it. Cognition is a term that refers to various cognitive skills, including learning, thought, reasoning, recall, problem-solving, decision-making, and attention (Fisher, Chacon, and Chaffee 2019). Cognitive skills involve using the mental faculty to perform either a simple or a complex task (Fisher, Chacon, and Chaffee 2019). We have more to do with the processes of learning, recalling, problem-solving, and paying attention, than with any actual expertise. Many aspects of cognitive function change with age, and while many cognitive functions decline with age, both the person and the form of function differ in the degree and pattern of the decline (Harvey and Mohs 2001). Many types of cognitive activity in people when they are older are exhibited consistently at lower rates than their performance at younger ages (Harvey and Mohs 2001). Other cognitive functions change very little over the life span, on average, and some functions improve at later life periods (Harvey and Mohs 2001). To the degree to which perception shifts with ageing, there are significant individual variations. Rowe and Kahn (1987) found that some individuals aged successfully so that during ageing, several cognitive functions remain unimpaired, and some may even improve.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Attention
- Intelligence
- Memory
- Perception
- Working Memory
- Knowledge
- Understanding
- Intellect
- Thought
- Imagination