Time
James Phelan in Narrative Medicine, 2023
With order, Genette posits that the default setting is to match the sequence of events in the told with their sequence in the telling. In “Close Calls,” Wolff tells about three times when he almost lost his life, and his telling follows the order of their occurrence during his tour of duty in Vietnam. But Genette is more interested in identifying and discussing the two main kinds of mismatches between the order of the told and that of the telling: analepsis and prolepsis. Genette defines analepsis this way: “any evocation after the fact of an event that took place earlier than the point in the story where we are at any given moment” (40). This formulation, “any evocation after the fact,” means that the more common term “flashback” is not an exact synonym for “analepsis” but rather identifies one frequently used kind. Flashback typically refers to the narration of an event or a series of events. Thus, in a statement such as “I love you more today than yesterday,” most people would say that we have an analepsis (everything after “than”) but not a flashback. The same logic applies to prolepsis and flashforward.
Imaginary Friends, Voices and Psychosis
Quentin Spender, Niki Salt, Judith Dawkins, Tony Kendrick, Peter Hill, David Hall, Jackie Carnell in Child Mental Health in Primary Care, 2018
Another cause of auditory and visual hallucinations is flashbacks. These are recurrent memories of a traumatic experience. The experience may be any type of trauma, but sexual abuse is a particularly concerning example. The abuse may not have been disclosed, and the memories may have been partly suppressed. This can make management problematic (seeChapter 11, on childhood sexual abuse). In the past, such experiences have been regarded as ‘borderline’ between neurotic and psychotic. Vivid flashbacks with a realistic quality commonly occur in adults with borderline personality disorder, and they often seem to be linked to childhood abuse. We believe that using this terminology in those under 18 years of age leads to a fruitless debate about diagnostic categories. It is simpler to obtain as clear a description of the experience as possible, and to think of a flashback as one possible cause.
Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Concussion
Rolland S. Parker in Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
A flashback is defined as the involuntary recurrence of some aspect of a hallucinatory experience or a perceptual distortion some time after taking a hallucinogen (Fischer, 1986). When they occur after a TBI, one cannot be certain whether this is the consequence of a temporary high level of neurotransmitters related to the TBI or part of a different process (i.e., PTSD). The formal criteria for a reexperienced event are recurrent, intrusive recollections, distressing dreams, flashbacks/dissociative experiences, distress at exposure to symbolic cues, physiological reactivity to symbolic cues.
Successful Minority Representations on TV Count: A Quantitative Content Analysis Approach
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2023
B. G. Żerebecki, S. J. Opree, J. Hofhuis, S. Janssen
Besides attractive personalities, successful contemporary television series often have well-developed characters, which means that their actions and thoughts are understandable to the viewers (Mittell, 2015, pp. 132–142). Such characters show signs of personal growth. Similar conclusions about characterization were reached in a study on favorite fictional TV personas (Żerebecki et al., in press). Based on interviews with young TV viewers, the authors established that characters who overcome struggles, deliberate over decisions, and whose actions are logical are sought after more often. Characters could be made understandable through flashbacks of their past or through the development of story arcs. Scholars examining gay and Black representation praised psychologically deep characters and depictions of experiences beyond being minorities (Smith-Frigerio, 2018; Stamps, 2021; Vanlee et al., 2018). To achieve this portrayal, black and gay characters should be seen in various life scenarios, experiencing challenging situations that make them grow. Therefore, in this research, each scene with a minority character in a TV series is checked for the presence of a) character’s struggle with a life event, which results in them being pensive or deliberating about a course of action, b) character’s talking about their past or showing a flashback explaining character’s past, and c) growth of a character based on past events in the TV show.
The Lost Daughter: Gerontological Reflections on the Life Course Perspective’s Missing Plot
Published in Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 2022
Nested in a flashback structure, Gyllenhaal offers a complex journey into the emotional life of the main character, Leda. The scenes though, do not function as flashbacks, rather they run almost parallell to the present-day sequences offering a deliberate strangeness and unpredictability to the plot. It begins with Leda (a fantastic Olivia Coleman), as an accomplished middle-aged professor of comparative literature, who settles into her idyllic Greek vacation with intentions of reading, writing, taking quiet strolls on the beach or simply gazing at the ocean. She is on a solo working-holiday but the film doesn’t attempt to either apologize or sympathize with Leda’s aloneness; in fact, Leda is shown to be perfectly comfortable with her alone self, often consumed in her thoughts where every day pleasantries seem irrelevant and borderline unbearable (for instance caretaker Lyle’s kindness and attention to Leda’s comfort are often met with terse responses). And yet, the film makes no sentimental effort in portraying Leda’s self-absorption as uncaring or devoid of emotional frailties. As such, Leda’s resolve to be alone offer both the character and the film a sense of purpose as we slowly begin to witness her long, unforgiving self-examination.
Memories of Falls: Resolved or Unresolved Memories?
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2022
Karim Gallouj, Emin Altintas, Mohamad El Haj
Unlike other non-integrated memories, non-integrated memories of falls in older adults may be seen as unresolved memories and deserve special clinical attention. Unlike other memories, non-integrated memories of falls can be associated by older adults with the image of physical failures, dependence, and vulnerability. Critically, memories of falls in older adults can be associated with traumas (Breslau, 2009; Pivar & Field, 2004; Stovall-mcclough & Cloitre, 2003). When a traumatic event is not fully integrated into the life story, some pathological aspects may be observed such as flashbacks. These intrusive memories, as typically observed in post-traumatic stress disorder, can be either physical or emotional and tend to promote alertness and fidgetiness or even avoidance. While unresolved memories of falls cannot be construed as traumatic, they may have lasting consequences and be associated with high anxiety and depression. Older adults could be helped to create a form of relatedness by connecting their falls to previous experiences from which they learned something. Clinicians could also promote a sense of vitality by helping older adults to focus on their dynamism even after their injury (e.g. although I suffered as a result of the fall, I am at least able to keep moving). Raising older adults’ awareness about why they fell might also be helpful for those who avoid retrieving memories of falls.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Consciousness
- Emotion
- Memory
- Stimulation
- Psychology
- Fear
- Happiness
- Sadness
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Unconscious Mind