What Are Eating Disorders?
Jonna Fries, Veronica Sullivan in Eating Disorders in Special Populations, 2017
Worry is another feature seen in AN and can manifest as hypervigilance over things such as weight, body shape, or clothing size (Hildebrandt et al. 2012). Hildebrandt and others describe avoidance behaviors as a response to the anxiety and worry of AN. Avoidance can be a safety behavior, a prevention strategy, or a compulsion and is similar to the avoidance behaviors seen in OCD that are ritualized and repetitive (Núñez-Navarro et al. 2011). In summary, people with AN may experience and then evaluate a concern or threat from one of the five domains, including food, eating, interoceptive cues, shape and weight, and finally, social evaluation. In their evaluation of the threat, a fear response is learned, and then behaviors to avoid the fear and discomfort associated with the threat are developed.
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Laeth Sari Nasir, Arwa K Abdul-Haq in Caring for Arab Patients, 2018
The behavioral aspect of PTSD emphasizes two phases in its development. First, the trauma (the unconditioned stimulus) that produces a fear response is paired, through classical conditioning, with a conditioned stimulus (physical or mental reminders of the trauma, such as sights, smells or sounds). Second, through instrumental learning, the conditioned stimuli elicit the fear response independent of the original unconditioned stimulus, and persons develop a pattern of avoiding both the conditioned and the unconditioned stimuli. Some persons may also inadvertently receive secondary gain due to the condition, including monetary compensation, increased attention and the fulfillment of dependency needs. This reinforces the disorder and leads to its persistence.
Impacts of Sexual Violence on Women’s Sexual Health
Jane M. Ussher, Joan C. Chrisler, Janette Perz in Routledge International Handbook of Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2019
Research has shown that some women who have experienced sexual violence engage in higher-risk sexual behaviours after the assault (Jina & Thomas, 2012). However, findings in this area have been inconsistent, as studies have shown that women engaged in less sexual behaviour overall after a sexual assault (Campbell, Sefl, & Ahrens, 2004). In the Resnick et al. (1997) review of health outcomes for women who had experienced sexual assault, higher rates of smoking, drinking, drug use, eating disorders, and sexually transmitted infections were found. Drawing on a learning theory model, Resnick et al. hypothesized that negative health outcomes may be mediated by depression, PTSD, panic, and their effects on functioning. In turn, panic may be triggered by cues and stimuli related to the assault that result in an automatic fear response. According to this theory, as women with PTSD avoid traumatic stimuli, the cues continue to trigger a response if the victim is not exposed to them in order to minimize their effects.
Sensory Modulation for People with Anxiety in a Community Mental Health Setting
Published in Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 2018
Katrina Wallis, Daniel Sutton, Sandra Bassett
Anxiety is a response to perceived threat that involves both physiological aspects such as the arousal of the sympathetic (“fight or flight”) response, as well as psychological elements such as worry (Beck, Emery, & Greenberg, 1985). Such a response usually dissipates when the threat is no longer present. Although some anxiety may motivate people to engage in life activities, anxiety becomes problematic when the response is excessive or if it persists once the threat is gone. Excessive anxiety is believed to be caused by a combination of psychological stressors and physiological vulnerability and is associated with hyper-sensitivity to threat, overwhelming physiological arousal, avoidance of feared situations, and reduced functioning (Abernethy, 2010; Kinnealey & Fuiek, 1999).
Abnormal functional connectivity of brain regions associated with fear network model in panic disorder
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Shuangyi Zhou, Shanshan Su, Ang Hong, Chen Yang, Qiang Liu, Wei Feng, Zhen Wang
When facing a fear stimulus or a panic attack, animals will have a conditioned fear response. Gorman and colleagues thought PD patients might have a similar network as animals. They first described the role of the fear network model (FNM) in PD in 1989 and revised it in 2000 (Gorman et al. 2000). The FNM postulated that the amygdala plays a pivotal role in PD with the hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey region, locus coeruleus, and other brainstem sites. In addition, the frontal cortex would have difficulty in providing top-down inhibitory input to the amygdala, which may active the amygdala and influence the whole FNM. Though the traditional FNM combined biological and psychological features in PD, it is still mainly based on the animal model of conditioned fear. Researchers have found some results could not be explained well by it.
A novel stress re-stress model: modification of re-stressor cue induces long-lasting post-traumatic stress disorder-like symptoms in rats
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2020
Santosh Kumar Prajapati, Neha Singh, Debapriya Garabadu, Sairam Krishnamurthy
Thus, in the present work, we assume that FS as stress and re-stress cue may produce pronounced intrusive response, cognitive dysfunction, co-morbid anxiety and depression-like behavior compared to FST in rats. Further, as FS itself acts as a cue, therefore inclusion of FS in SRS paradigm could make the model more sensitive and reliable compared to FST. Furthermore, based on the existing evidence, we have assumed that treatment with paroxetine would give better predictive validity in FS paradigm of PTSD. Moreover, the experimental model used in our current investigation allows measurement of contextual fear response, a cardinal symptom of PTSD. All the observed phenotypic alterations following exposure of FST and FS were correlated with plasma CORT level for mechanistic validation of SRS model of PTSD.
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