Blinking and Looking: An Eye-Tracking Approach to Studying Cognitive Processing Differences in Individuals with Speech, Language, and Communication Disorders
Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba, Mark Krumm in Advances in Audiology and Hearing Science, 2020
A fourth era could reasonably be suggested given the early 21st century advancements in technologies that have improved sampling rate, made tracking systems less invasive (e.g., Eyelink 1000 Plus—remote tracking), and offer high quality, economical options (e.g., webcam-based eye tracking—Google Glass, WebGazer, EyesDecide). There is also an active market of AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication) technologies allowing for the translation of eye position and movement into communicative messages (EyeTech, Tobii Systems, ACAT Intel®—Assistive Context Assistive Technology—used by Stephen Hawking). The applications of modern eye-tracking technologies for examining the cognitive processing profiles of persons with speech, language, and communication needs are massive in scope. But before we review the benefits of using eye-tracking methods for persons with speech, language, and communication needs, we first turn to Cognitive Science to better understand what eye tracking tells us about neuro-typical cognitive processes.
Measurement and assessment
Andrea Utley in Motor Control, Learning and Development, 2018
As researchers have become interested in all aspects of control and coordination, new technology has enabled equipment such as eye trackers to be developed. The most widely used eye trackers are video based, and they enable the movement of one or both eyes to be monitored. Most modern eye trackers use contrast to locate the center of the pupil and use infrared and near-infrared non-colluminated light to create a corneal reflection. A camera focuses on one or both eyes and records the eye movement as the performer attends to a stimulus. The camera records very rapid eye movements and eye movement associated with scanning the environment. There are various eye-tracking systems – some are head-mounted, some require the head to be stable and some function remotely and automatically track the head during motion.
Evaluation of Balance
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed in Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
Small video cameras can be mounted on goggles to obtain good quality images of the eye. Infrared cameras work in darkness and these images can be used to directly observe the presence of nystagmus in the absence of visual fixation (videonystagmoscopy). If the images are further processed, on- or offline, so that traces or measurements are obtained, the technique is called VOG. The main limitation of this technique as compared to EOG/ENG is temporal resolution. This depends on the sampling video rate, usually 50 Hz, i.e. a video image taken every 20 ms; the velocity of a saccade, which only lasts 50–100 ms, may not be reliably measured. Other types of eye movements, all much slower than saccades, can be confidently recorded but eyelid artefacts and occasional difficulties with the eye-tracking software are also troublesome. Most commercial VOG systems are two-dimensional (2D) (horizontal and vertical) but the more sophisticated are 3D and this offers the unique advantage of being able to non-invasively record torsional eye movements.
How Children with Congenital Limb Deficiencies Visually Attend to Their Limbs and Prostheses: Eye Tracking of Displayed Still Images and Visuospatial Body Knowledge
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2021
Hiroshi Mano, Sayaka Fujiwara, Nobuhiko Haga
Eye tracking is a technique used to measure gaze direction.10 Some examples related to medical treatment include studies by Trojano et al.,11 who used eye tracking for the cognitive rehabilitation of a brain-injury patient with locked-in syndrome, and by Spataro et al.,12 who used an eye tracking computer device for communication in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Related to body recognition, facial recognition has been researched in individuals with child and adult autism spectrum disorder, and it has been reported that they looked at eyes, noses, and mouths less than the controls.13–16 To the best of our knowledge, no research has been conducted using eye tracking in children with limb deficiencies or deficiencies in other body parts. As visuospatial body knowledge is derived from visual information, measuring visual attention with eye tracking allows us to evaluate the relationship between visuospatial body knowledge and visual attention.
Comparison between joystick- and gaze-controlled electric wheelchair during narrow doorway crossing: Feasibility study and movement analysis
Published in Assistive Technology, 2021
Manel Letaief, Nasser Rezzoug, Philippe Gorce
Among the proposed alternatives, it is believed that an electric wheelchair controlled through eye movements has the potential to provide such persons with effective ways to alleviate the impact of their motor limitations. To date, eye tracking has been used mainly to study subjects’ behavior in various fields such as cognitive and behavioral therapy (Grillon, Riquier, Herbelin, & Thalmann, 2006), marketing/advertising (Rayner, Miller, & Rotello, 2008), neurosciences (Snodderly, Kagan, & Gur, 2001), psychology (Rayner, 1998) but also for Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) (Goldberg, Stimson, Lewenstein, Scott, & Wichansky, 2002) and for eye typing (Majaranta & Räihä, 2002). Also, as suggested by recent studies, the application of eye tracking to steer and maneuver an electric wheelchair is very promising (Eid, Giakoumidis, & Saddik, 2016; Ktena, Abbott, & Faisal, 2015; Maule et al., 2016).
Assessing sustained attention of children with ADHD in a class flow video task
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2022
Esen Yıldırım Demirdöğen, İbrahim Selçuk Esin, Bahadır Turan, Onur Burak Dursun
The eye-tracking device uses infrared light technology to track the participant’s eye movements, such as fixations (the stabilization of the eye on part of a stimulus for a period of time), saccades (eye movements between fixations), and blinks. The SMI RED250 eye tracker was used in the present study. As a stimulus is needed to employ an eye-tracking device, a visual stimulus (a video task) was presented using Experiment Center software. Eye movement data were recorded with iViewX. The parameters of eye movements, such as fixation and saccade, were measured via Be Gaze software, which also enabled the identification of areas of interest (AOI) on the presented stimulus. In this way, fixation, saccade, and related eye-tracking parameters in a given area of the stimulus can be measured.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Assistive Technology
- Electrooculography
- Eye Movement
- Fixation
- Saccade
- Visual System
- Gaze
- Search Coil Magnetometer
- Gaze-Contingency Paradigm
- Protocol Analysis