Everything You Never Wanted to Know About Special Education … and Were Afraid to Ask (I.D.E.A.)
Francis K. O. Yuen, Carol B. Cohen, Kristine Tower in Disability and Social Work Education, 2013
Serious Emotional Disturbance/Emotional Disability: This disability is defined having an inability to learn not based on intellectual, sensory or health factors; an inability to establish satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers; and inappropriate behaviors or feelings (Knoblauch & Sorenson, 1998). These conditions must be displayed over a long period of time, to a marked degree, such that it adversely affects a child’s educational performance (Dupper, 2003). The federal definition excludes the socially-maladjusted, which has created tremendous debates about to whom this is specifically referring. Youth commonly referred to as juvenile delinquents, and indeed chronically truant youth may be classified as socially maladjusted, thereby excluding them from benefiting from special educational services under the I.D.E.A.
Rare forms of hyperthyroidism *
David S. Cooper, Jennifer A. Sipos in Medical Management of Thyroid Disease, 2018
A broad range of clinical symptoms have been reported with RTH but most commonly patients present without severe clinical symptoms despite the abnormal thyroid function tests. Interestingly, clinical symptoms vary widely from patient to patient even within families who harbor the same mutation (16, 17). Due to varying tissue responsiveness to thyroid hormone, features of hyperthyroidism (hyperactivity, tachycardia) and hypothyroidism (delayed growth and bone age, learning disabilities) can be present. The most common clinical features are diffuse thyroid goiter (65–95%) and tachycardia (33–75%). However, emotional disturbance (60%), attention deficit disorder (40–60%), learning disability (30%), intellectual disability (38%), and sensorineural hearing loss (21%) have also been reported. Short stature, delayed bone age, and low body mass index can occur. Over half of patients experience recurrent ear and throat infections (18, 19). Frank hypothyroidism can be seen in patients inappropriately treated with thyroid ablative therapy in a misguided attempt to lower T4 and T3 levels.
Faecal incontinence 1
Quentin Spender, Judith Barnsley, Alison Davies, Jenny Murphy in Primary Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2019
Further referral: Those few children who deposit or smear stools may require specialist management. Often such children have other indicators of emotional disturbance, and may be known to social services. Even with this group, however, it is wisest to seek the opinion of a community paediatrician about possible constipation and/or developmental problems before referral to specialist CAMHS.
Subjective experience of aberrant salience in young people at Ultra-High Risk (UHR) for psychosis: a cross-sectional study
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2022
Michele Poletti, Lorenzo Pelizza, Silvia Azzali, Sara Garlassi, Ilaria Scazza, Federica Paterlini, Luigi Rocco Chiri, Simona Pupo, Andrea Raballo
The CAARMS is a clinical interview specifically assessing different symptoms of attenuated psychopathology, together with daily functioning (using the integrated ‘Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale’ [SOFAS]) [17]. The 27 CAARMS items (rated according to intensity [0–6] and frequency/duration [0–6]) are usually clustered in 7 main subscales: (a) ‘Positive Symptoms’, (b) ‘Cognitive Change’, (c) ‘Emotional Disturbance’, (d) ‘Negative Symptoms’, (e) ‘Behavioral Change’, (f) ‘Motor/Physical Changes’ and (g) ‘General Psychopathology’. The CAARMS ‘Positive Symptoms’ subscale, which covers disorganized speech, delusions and hallucinations, is used to define both UHR and FEP criteria [17,23]. CAARMS interviews are conducted by trained psychiatrists and clinical psychologists using the approved Italian version (CAARMS-ITA) [24]. Regular CAARMS scoring workshops and supervision sessions ensured a good to excellent inter-rater reliability (specifically, the k coefficient for the agreement on the CAARMS criteria was above 0.85) [25]. As the CAARMS considers both intensity and frequency, we computed composite scores to weight intensity symptoms by their frequencies in accordance with Yung et al. [17].
Subjective experience of social cognition in young people at Ultra-High Risk of psychosis: a 2-year longitudinal study
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2021
Lorenzo Pelizza, Michele Poletti, Silvia Azzali, Sara Garlassi, Ilaria Scazza, Federica Paterlini, Luigi Rocco Chiri, Simona Pupo, Andrea Raballo
The CAARMS is a clinical interview developed to examine different aspects of attenuated psychopathology as well as functioning (via the integrated SOFAS [‘Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale’] instrument) [32]. It consists of 27 items (each one rated in terms of frequency/duration [0–6] and intensity [0–6]), which can be clustered in seven main dimensions: (a) ‘Positive Symptoms’; (b) ‘Cognitive Change, Attention and Concentration’; (c) ‘Emotional Disturbance’; (d) ‘Negative Symptoms’; (e) ‘Behavioral Change’; (f) ‘Motor/Physical Changes’; and (g) ‘General Psychopathology’. The CAARMS ‘Positive Symptoms’ subscale (which covers hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder) determines both the FEP and the UHR criteria. CAARMS interviews were conducted by four trained ReARMS team members (one psychiatrist and three psychologists: i.e. the same group for which CAARMS inter-rater reliability have been published) [39]. In this respect, the CAARMS-ITA showed excellent inter-rater reliability [39,40].
Neurobehavioral disability in stroke patients during subacute inpatient rehabilitation: prevalence and biopsychosocial associations
Published in Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 2018
Renerus J Stolwyk, Elissa O’Connell, David W Lawson, Amanda G Thrift, Peter W New
Stroke is the third leading cause of disability worldwide, with the prevalence of survivors of stroke set to further increase with the ageing population and improvements in stroke survival.1–3 While motor and sensory impairments associated with stroke are well known and readily appreciated, cognitive, mood and behavioral impairments can be less observable and more challenging for clinicians to detect. This is problematic because up to three-quarters of stroke survivors exhibit cognitive impairment and approximately one-third experience mood disturbance.4,5 Indeed, stroke survivors report cognitive and emotional domains as areas of highest long-term unmet need.6 Neurobehavioral disability (NBD) is a term that refers to behavioral change in the context of neurological impairment.7 This includes aspects of cognitive dysfunction, emotional disturbance, behavioral dysregulation and inappropriate social behavior.8 NBD has been relatively well characterized in some neurological populations, such as dementia and traumatic brain injury, and has been associated with poorer long-term outcome, reduced quality of life and greater caregiver burden.9–11 However, limited research has been conducted into NBD following stroke.
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