Depression in the Older Woman
Maria A. Fiatarone Singh, John Sutton Chair in Exercise, Nutrition, and the Older Woman, 2000
There is no diagnostic test for depression and, therefore, it is diagnosed by clinical interview. There are two principal approaches for defining depression: (1) depressive symptoms and (2) more specific disorders defined in terms of duration and constellation of symptoms. Most health professionals use the first concept while psychiatrists use the second. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)4 is a manual used by psychiatrists that outlines the various constellations of symptoms required to allow classification into various psychiatric diagnoses. It was designed so that when psychiatrists discuss patients and interpret treatment effects they can be certain they are talking about similar people. In their definition, depression is a collective term referring to a group of disorders in which the central features are lowering of mood and reduced ability to enjoy or take interest in one’s usual activities. There is a spectrum of depressive disorders including major depression, minor depression, dysthymia, and depressive disorder not otherwise specified.
Introduction: Probiotics and Psychopathology
Martin Colin R, Derek Larkin in Probiotics in Mental Health, 2018
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is currently in its fifth edition (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) having superseded the DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) in May 2013. The DSM is the standard reference manual for assessment, and diagnosis of neuropsychiatric conditions. The first edition of the DSM evolved out of the international classification of diseases (ICD-6) in 1952. Its goal ever since has been to map knowledge about the brain and psychopathologies, and to guide clinical professionals on the diagnosis of mental health disorders. One of the guiding principles of the DSM is to evaluate knowledge and to stay abreast of the changing times and the developments in causes and diagnosis of neuropsychiatric conditions.
Changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5
Anka A. Vujanovic, Sudie E. Back in Posttraumatic Stress and Substance Use Disorders, 2019
SUD criteria were modified from the DSM-IV-TR to improve the reliability of diagnoses and clinical evaluation. Namely, the DSM-5 combined the previously distinct diagnostic subcategories of substance abuse and dependence into one overarching SUD category. SUD diagnosis is now further specified by the substance of choice (e.g., alcohol use disorder, cocaine use disorder) and severity of the disorder (e.g., mild, moderate, severe). Furthermore, the DSM-5 Substance-Related Disorders Work Group implemented criteria changes, both additions and retractions, and severity scoring. To begin, we will review the obsolete DSM-IV-TR SUD criteria and subsequently review the current DSM-5 criteria, elaborating on the revisions and providing evidence for the support of these principal changes.
Electronic Cigarette Use During a Randomized Trial of Interventions for Smoking Cessation Among Medicaid Beneficiaries with Mental Illness
Published in Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 2019
Cynthia L. Bianco, Sarah I. Pratt, Joelle C. Ferron, Mary F. Brunette
Demographics were collected during a structured interview at baseline. DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) psychiatric diagnoses were obtained for research purposes via record review (Brunette et al., 2018). Among participants with multiple diagnoses, we assigned diagnostic group using an ordered hierarchy with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders first, followed by bipolar disorders, major depression, and last an “other” category for all other psychiatric disorders, mainly anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For example, a person with schizophrenia and PTSD diagnoses would be assigned to the schizophrenia-spectrum disorders diagnosis group. Using standardized procedures and a structured interview, trained research staff administered assessments of demographics, tobacco use history and characteristics, e-cigarette use, and mental health symptom distress.
Evaluation of Incest Cases: 4-Years Retrospective Study
Published in Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2020
Osman Celbis, İsmail Altın, Nusret Ayaz, Turgay Börk, Serdar Karatoprak
A retrospective examination was made of the records of 40 cases of incest victims who presented at the Healthcare Centre related to the Determination of Sexual Abuse/Assault Crimes and the Pediatric and Adolescent Mental Health Polyclinic of a university hospital in the east of Turkey between 2012 and 2015. Evaluation was made of the age, gender, the incident suffered, the perpetrator, the form of abuse, examination findings, and mental status. As defined in section 2 of item 103 of the Turkish Penal Code, the forms of abuse were separated as without penetration sexual abuse (including actions such as touching the body for sexual purposes, physical petting, harassment and exposure) and with penetration sexual abuse (penetration of the body with the organ or other object) (Penal Code Of Turkey, TC. Resmi Gazete Sayı: 25611, 12/10/2004.). Mental health disorders were evaluated according to the DSM-IV-TR and DSM-V-TR (Köroğlu, 1995, 2013). In the interviews conducted with the victims, they were questioned as to whether or not they experienced physical violence before, during or after the sexual abuse. When the cases were classified, the broadest concepts were used that would include reasons for referral to the judicial courts. The data obtained in the study were evaluated using IBM SPSS 21.00 software.
Delirium in hospitalized older adults
Published in Hospital Practice, 2020
Katie M Rieck, Sandeep Pagali, Donna M Miller
The diagnosis of delirium requires a high index of suspicion, which is attained by a comprehensive understanding of risk factors, clinical presentations, and diagnostic tools. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-V) lists diagnostic criteria including a) disturbance in attention and awareness; b) disturbance developing over a short period of time (usually hours to few days, often with fluctuating course); c) additional disturbance in cognition, and; d) the disturbances in A and C are not better explained by another neurocognitive disorder (preexisting, established or evolving) and do not occur in the context of a severely reduced level of arousal, such as coma and; e) there is evidence that the disturbance is a direct physiological consequence of another medical condition, including substance or toxin intoxication or withdrawal [8].
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