The Importance of Personalized Nutrition in Psychological Disorders
Nilanjana Maulik in Personalized Nutrition as Medical Therapy for High-Risk Diseases, 2020
Since mental health problems are encountered in all stages of life, cultures and populations, provision of mental health should be adjusted to every individuals’ needs (Lesage, Vasiliadis et al. 2006). Mental health conditions refer to changes in the functioning of the brain and nervous system, which lead to alterations in perception of the environment and responses given to it. It is thought that there is a relationship between long-lasting disability and significant mortality through suicide, medical illnesses and accidental death (Davison, Ng et al. 2012). Since they may appear in different forms, individuals may have different experiences. The WHO states that 350 million people suffer from depression, 50 million from epilepsy and 21 million from schizophrenia. Furthermore, 900,000 suicides occur each year. Although 76–85% of these individuals have severe mental health conditions, unfortunately those coming from low- and middle-income countries do not receive any treatment (WHO 2014b). Published by the American Psychiatric Association, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) forms a common language to group mental health conditions (Davison, Ng et al. 2012).
Treatment – Social/Environmental-Related Malnutrition
Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian in Adult Malnutrition, 2023
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) to guide clinicians and researchers to diagnose and classify mental disorders. The 5th edition, updated in 2013, is referred to as the DSM-5 and contains diagnostic and treatment information for recognized and diagnosable mental disorders, including Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) and Feeding and Eating Disorders (FEDs).39 SUDs and FEDs can contribute to or increase the risk for social/environmental malnutrition (starvation), and SUDs are often associated with food insecurity.39,40Table 13.4 outlines the classification of malnutrition associated with SUDs and three FEDs (discussed below) based on two malnutrition diagnosis constructs.1,41
Psychiatry, the drug industry′s paradise
Peter C. Gøtzsche, Richard Smith, Drummond Rennie in Deadly Medicines and Organised Crime, 2019
This has dire consequences for the patients. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) from the American Psychiatric Association (APA) has become infamous. It is now so bad that Allen Frances, who chaired the task force for DSM-IV (which lists 374 different ways to be mentally ill; up from 297 in DSM-III)2 believes the responsibility for defining psychiatric conditions needs to be taken away from the APA.4 Frances has warned that DSM-V could unleash multiple new false positive epidemics, not only because of industry money but also because researchers push for greater recognition of their pet conditions. He noted that already the DSM-IV created three false epidemics because the diagnostic criteria were too wide: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism and childhood bipolar disorder.
Prevalence of female sexual dysfunction among women attending college presenting for gynecological care at a university student health center
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2020
Hector O. Chapa, James T. Fish, Carley Hagar, Tiffany Wilson
In 2013, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders was updated to the Fifth Edition (DSM-V). In this current version, three female dysfunctions are recognized: (1) female sexual interest/arousal disorder (a merge of two previous diagnoses, female hypoactive desire dysfunction and female arousal dysfunction), (2) genitopelvic pain/penetration disorder (previously dyspareunia and vaginismus), and (3) female orgasmic disorder.1 Almost all DSM-V sexual dysfunction diagnoses require a minimum duration of 6 months as well as a frequency of 75–100%. DSM-V also requires the presence of “significant distress” as a result of the condition, removing the prior terminology of “interpersonal difficulty.”1 Estimated prevalence rates of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) among women of reproductive age in the United States varies widely from 10% to 50% across clinical studies, with 12–25% of these women reporting distress associated with the dysfunction.2,3 Accurate determination of the true prevalence is difficult as a high level of variability exists across studies caused by methodologic differences in the instruments used to assess presence of sexual dysfunction, ages of samples, nature of samples, methodology used to gather the data, and cultural differences among study participants.4 Despite this high prevalence, many women never talk to their providers about their sexual difficulties or concerns and many providers fail to broach the topic with their patients.
Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for “Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder” in Women
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2021
The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) was released in 1994 (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). In the late 1990s, when pharmacological treatments to enhance female sexual desire and arousal were in development, the DSM-IV contained the list of “sexual dysfunctions” which could be targeted by such treatments, of which hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) and female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD) were the most relevant. Drug firms funded the development of measurements for the severity of such “sexual dysfunctions” so that the success of their products could be gauged (Moynihan, 2003). In the DSM-5, published in 2013, HSDD and FSAD were both removed (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). They were replaced by a combined condition of female sexual interest/arousal disorder (FSIAD), a disorder including reduced sexual desire, lack of response to sexual stimuli, and lack of pleasure during sexual activity, impacting at least 75% of sexual encounters and causing significant personal distress over a period of at least six months.
Mental health and wellbeing of medical students in Nigeria: a systematic review
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2019
Oluyomi Esan, Arinola Esan, Ayorinde Folasire, Philip Oluwajulugbe
The reported prevalence estimate of depression in the present review ranged from 4% to 61.9%. Existing studies indicate that the global prevalence estimate of depression for medical students is 6.0–66.5% (Hope & Henderson, 2014). Our result is similar to this global picture, supporting the evidence of high levels of depression among medical students. A community survey in Nigeria conducted using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV (SCID-IV) for assessment of clinical depression, put the prevalence of depression among adults at 5.2% (Amoran, Lawoyin, & Lasebikan, 2007). Expectedly, this is lower than the pooled estimate in the current review since studies have shown that medical students have a higher prevalence of depression than the corresponding general population. However, the more important point is that SCID is a validated diagnostic instrument. Hence, it would generate diagnoses based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), not symptoms or symptom scores. Therefore, even though we expect medical students to have a higher prevalence of depression than the corresponding general population based on existing reports, (Dyrbye et al., 2014), the true prevalence of depression amongst medical students in Nigeria would likely be lower than the 33.5% we have reported, if diagnostic instruments were used. Nevertheless, these figures are high and fall within the global prevalence of depression among medical students.
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