Introduction
Peter G. Coleman, Ann O’Hanlon in Aging and Development, 2017
Chapters 4 and 5 constitute the second part of the book and consider approaches to aging and development that have become more popular since the 1970s. These are mainly attributable to the rise of the study of lifespan developmental psychology, associated especially with the pioneering work of researchers in the United States and Germany. This school of researchers has come to eschew what it would regard as over-simplistic normative developmental theory in favour of a more plastic view of adult development. It has followed Erikson though in showing a preference for an interdisciplinary view of human development, in which social, historical and cultural influences play a key influence. However, these external influences act not just to support or inhibit intrinsic psychological strivings and potential, but determine in a more direct way the structure and goals of life by establishing societal life patterns that guide development.
Child development and health care
Devinder Rana, Dominic Upton in Psychology for Nurses, 2013
When attempting to define target interventions it is important to select appropriate age ranges because of the developmental changes that occur throughout childhood. For example, it could be argued that smoking/obesity, etc. prevention should be directed towards 11- and 12-year-old children and their families for several reasons. First, the body image of children of this age is more malleable as are attitudes towards eating and illness. Hence, although adolescents may struggle with a negative body image and unhealthy eating patterns, the body image of younger children may be more flexible and prevention more likely to succeed (Kater et al., 2002). Secondly, from the age of 11 or 12, children become more autonomous in their health-related self-management behaviours (Pradel et al., 2001). There is also some indication that children's health locus of control (see Chapter 1) is at its maximum during the transition into adolescence (Cohen et al., 1990). This is, of course, in line with Piagetian cognitive developmental theory. At the stage of 11 or 12, children are entering the ‘formal operational’ stage (Piaget, 1972) and are developing the skill of abstract thought. Consequently, children at this cognitive stage can begin to imagine the potential consequences (both positive and negative) to a specific health behaviour, which as a result allows them to assume a more internal locus of control.
Factors in Successful Relapse Prevention Among Hong Kong Drug Addicts
Nathaniel J. Pallone in Treating Substance Abusers in Correctional Contexts: New Understandings, New Modalities, 2012
Third, social cognitive theory emphasizes simple learning as the cause of drug abuse and discounts the value of stable personality (Marlatt, 1985; Ouimette et al., 1997; Rotgers, 1996). The learning process can be both unintentional and intentional, and rational and irrational. Recovery, therefore, depends on whether the person believes in his or her ability to maintain abstinence and on whether he or she learns to appraise and cope with all problems associated with drug abstinence (Myers, Martin, Rohsenow, & Monti, 1996). Fourth, cognitive-developmental theory focuses on cognitive factors rather than faulty personality or social learning (Beck et al., 1993; Ellis et al., 1988). Personality is seen as the result rather than the cause of drug addiction. Fifth, rational choice theory posits that individuals behave in ways that maximize gain and minimize loss. Accordingly, one maintains abstinence only when it is easy and rewarding to do so.
Vestibular nerve deficiency and vestibular function in children with unilateral hearing loss caused by cochlear nerve deficiency
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Keita Tsukada, Shin-ichi Usami
Embryologically, the inner ear nerve is divided into the upper and lower branches from 4 to 5 weeks; the upper branch begins to differentiate into the utricle, and the superior and lateral semicircular canals and, then at 5-6 weeks, the lower branch is further subdivided with the upper half forming the saccule and posterior semicircular canal, and the lower half forming the cochlea [13]. As the vestibular nerve is thought to develop at an earlier stage than the cochlear nerve, a deficiency in the vestibular nerve may always be accompanied by a deficiency in the cochlear nerve. The higher frequency of CND without VND is presumed to be due to the higher frequency of damage to the auditory nerve after vestibular nerve differentiation than before vestibular nerve differentiation, and it is difficult to believe that vestibular nerve deficiency alone might occur. The present results are in-line with this developmental theory.
A systematic review of high-risk environmental circumstances for adolescent drinking
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2019
M. J. Cox, K. Sewell, K. L. Egan, S. Baird, C. Eby, K. Ellis, J. Kuteh
In addition to identification of high-risk environmental characteristics, it will be necessary to understand specific individuals who may be most at risk in those environments. Burgeoning research indicates that there is an interplay between individual and environmental characteristics, and that interaction is related to substance use behaviors. This reflects developmental theory models that posit a continuous process of exchange between individuals and their environment (Bell, 1968; Sameroff & MacKenzie, 2003). For example, adolescents with personalities that reflect high levels of sensation-seeking are drawn to experiences that involve risk and excitement (Cservenka, Herting, Seghete, Hudson, & Nagel, 2013). These individuals are thus predisposed to experimentation with substances, a risk that could then be amplified by high-risk environmental contexts that offer such stimulation. Further, adolescents consume alcohol for different reasons such as coping to forget problems, to be sociable, to make themselves feel better or do thing otherwise impossible, or to conform to others’ expectations (Kuntsche, Knibbe, Gmel, & Engels, 2005). It may be that adolescents select certain drinking contexts based on their motives to consume alcohol. Finally, our results noted certain gender differences. For example, girls tended to drink more in mixed-gender groups (Van de Goor et al., 1990). Thus, explicit tests of differential effects of drinking context characteristics on alcohol consumption based on key demographic factors such as gender are warranted.
Betrayals in Emerging Adulthood: A Developmental Perspective of Infidelity
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2018
Jerika C. Norona, Spencer B. Olmstead, Deborah P. Welsh
To address the first research question and analyze participants’ open-ended responses, we conducted a qualitative content analysis (Krippendorff, 2013). Given the length of participants’ responses, which were several sentences long, this analytic strategy was chosen to capture the possibility of multiple themes in a given response, as individuals can engage in infidelity for a variety of reasons. We used a deductive, top-down approach, using the definitions of each of the subcomponents of independence (i.e., identity and autonomy) and interdependence (i.e., affiliation, intimacy, and sexual reciprocity) to guide our investigation. Definitions for various categories were consistent with previous developmental theory and research on developmental tasks (Arnett, 2015; Zimmer-Gembeck, Arnold, & Connolly, 2014). For these definitions, please contact the first author.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Psychology
- Developmental Psychology
- Psychosexual Development
- Erikson'S Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Loevinger'S Stages of Ego Development
- Object Relations Theory
- Attachment Theory
- Attachment In Children
- Maternal Deprivation
- Neo-Piagetian Theories of Cognitive Development