Sound
Robert A. Harris in Writing with Clarity and Style, 2017
Match the device with the question. _____ Which device employs vowel sounds in the middle of words?_____ Which device employs the repeated initial letters of words?_____ Which device employs words whose pronunciation imitates sounds?_____ Which device employs consonant sounds at the end of words?alliterationonomatopoeiaassonanceconsonance
Auditory nerve
Stanley A. Gelfand in Hearing, 2017
As is the case for other sounds, considerable attention has also been given to representation of speech signals in the auditory nerve. The coding of vowels has received considerable attention. For example, it has been shown that auditory neurons phase-lock to formants (vocal tract resonances; see Chapter 14) close to their characteristics frequencies, and can represent the spectrum of a vowel (e.g., Sachs and Young, 1979, 1980; Young and Sachs, 1979; Sachs, 1984; Delgutte and Kiang, 1984a; Palmer et al., 1986; Palmer, 1990). Although space and scope limit our attention to the coding of vowels, one should be aware that studies have also addressed the neural representation of consonant characteristics (e.g., Miller and Sachs, 1983; Sinex and Geisler, 1983; Delgutte and Kiang, 1984b; Carney and Geisler, 1986, Deng and Geisler, 1987; Sinex et al., 1991), as well as other issues, such as the neural coding of speech in noise (e.g., Delgutte and Kiang, 1984c; Geisler and Gamble, 1989; Silkes and Geisler, 1991). The interested student will find several reviews that provide a nice starting point for further study (e.g., Delgutte, 1997; Geisler, 1998; Palmer and Shamma, 2004).
Vocal Motor Disorders *
Rolland S. Parker in Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
Vital capacity is affected by the effort required for inspiration and expiration, muscle weaknesses, reduced postural control, and a trend to higher WAIS-R scores (McHenry, 2001). There is no one-to-one correspondence between a specific deviant speech dimension and the impairment of a particular component of the speech production apparatus. In addition, speech breathing is vulnerable to severe brain injury, which may include damage to the cerebral cortex, subcortical structures, and the cerebellum and/or brainstem, disrupting normal speech breathing process (Murdoch & Theodoros, 2001). Most pulmonary problems are directly related to the trauma (pneumothorax and flail chest) or are consequent to neurological deficits. TBI can cause abnormal chest wall movements during speech production, possibly from breakdown in the coordination of the movements of the chest wall, ribcage, abdomen, and diaphragm. Reduced breath support may evolve from impairment of other speech systems (i.e., laryngeal, velopharyngeal, and articulatory). Alterations of vital capacity and chest wall volumes affect speech breathing and the number of syllables produced per breath. Dysfunctions of the velopharynx contribute to impaired speech breathing by wasting expired air through the velopharyngeal port. Inefficient valving or an impaired respiratory system gives the impression that speakers with TBI “run out of air” (Netsell, 2002). Inadequate airflow for the duration of speech segments results in rate fluctuations and decreased rate of speech, as well as inadequate intraoral pressure for plosive sounds or for the intensity of airflow required for fricative consonant production (Theodoros et al., 1995).
Turkish stimulability treatment program for children with speech sound disorders: a preliminary study
Published in Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 2021
Esra Özcebe, Aysin Noyan Erbas, Sadiye Bacik Tirank, Bulent Gunduz
Turkish is a non-Indo-European language belonging to the Altaic branch of the Ural-Altay linguistic family [21,22] and is the descendant of Ottoman Turkish and its predecessor, the so-called Old Anatolian Turkish [21,22]. Modern standard Turkish is the official and native language of the Republic of Turkey [21,22]. In Turkish language, there are 20 consonant phonemes, /p, b, t, d, k, g, f, v, s, z, 22,23]. There are allophones of some Turkish consonants. /l/ has two allophones: with front vowels /ɛ, i, y/, it is [l] (e.g. [limon] “lemon”), whereas with back vowels, it is velarized [22,23]. The alveolar flap /22,23].
Relationship between pure-tone audiogram findings and speech perception among older Japanese persons
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2018
Yukihide Maeda, Soshi Takao, Akiko Sugaya, Yuko Kataoka, Shin Kariya, Satomi Tanaka, Rie Nagayasu, Atsuko Nakagawa, Kazunori Nishizaki
The PTT on the PTA was evaluated with headphones and an audiometer (AA-78, AA-74, RION, Tokyo, Japan) in a soundproof room. Monosyllable SP was evaluated unaided under quiet conditions. A monosyllable word list (67-S Japanese word list) was presented to the right or left ear by female vocalization through headphones. The word stimuli were presented initially at a sound pressure level 40–50 dB above the average PTT and then successively at decreasing sound pressure levels with 10-dB decrements. Practically, most of the patients could not tolerate intensities more than 50 dB above the average PTT. Similarly, the word stimuli could not be delivered at a sound pressure level more than 100 dB nHL. In situations where the average PTT is more than 60 dB nHL, the word stimuli were delivered at 100 dB nHL and successively decreasing sound pressure levels. The Japanese 67-S word list is comprised of 20 consonant–vowel or vowel monosyllable words. The subjects were asked to repeat the monosyllable words presented to their ears. The SP score was represented by the percentage of correct answers. The maximum percentage of correct answers to stimuli with decreasing sound pressure levels was defined as the maximum SP (hereafter referred to as SP). As described above, SP was measured with an increased level of the headphone output irrespective of the frequency-specific hearing thresholds. SP was measured without an HA and usually on a much higher level than conversational speech.
Auditory brainstem implant in postmeningitis totally ossified cochleae
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2018
Andréa Felice dos Santos Malerbi, Maria Valéria Schmidt Goffi-Gomez, Robinson Koji Tsuji, Marcos de Queiroz Teles Gomes, Rubens de Brito Neto, Ricardo Ferreira Bento
Audiometry and speech perception tests were performed before the procedure and at least 1 year after ABI activation, according to the protocols of the institution [10]. For the tonal audiometry, thresholds were tested in the frequencies of 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 Hz, with and without hearing aids. The following speech perception tests with a live voice at 65 dB SPL were scored using only auditory input:Suprasegmental four-choice word recognition test: a list of four words, including one monosyllabic, one disyllabic, one trisyllabic and one tetrasyllabic word. The patient should be able to distinguish different lengths of words.Four-choice spondee recognition test: a list of four words repeated three times each.Vowel: vowel/consonant/vowel presentation.Closed-set sentences recognition: a list of 10 nonaleatory sentences for identification.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Sound
- Psychophysiology
- Critical Band
- Beat
- Roughness
- Ohm'S Acoustic Law
- P3B
- Pitch Circularity