The person who experiences anxiety
Chambers Mary in Psychiatric and mental health nursing, 2017
OCD affects almost 3 per cent of the world’s population and is a major worldwide health problem. There are two main clinical aspects of this condition. An obsession is a persistent intrusive and unwanted thought or emotion that the person cannot ignore. A compulsion is a behavioural manifestation of the obsessive thought, resulting in the performance of a repetitious, uncontrollable, but seemingly purposeful act. For example, a person may have obsessive thoughts about cleanliness and the associated compulsive behaviour of repetitive hand washing, perhaps to the point of having excoriated skin on the hands from excessive washing. The compulsion becomes disabling when the person cannot carry on their normal daily activities due to the preoccupation with obsessive thoughts and compulsive acts.
Compulsive Homicides in Historical Context
Louis B. Schlesinger in Sexual Murder, 2021
The word compulsion is derived from the Latin compellere, which means to compel, force, urge, or drive on. Unfortunately, the term compulsion—or compulsive—has been used to label very different forms of behavior and symptoms: the compulsive offender, the compulsive personality, and the obsessive–compulsive neurotic (see Table 7.1). The compulsive offender lies on the extreme endogenous end of the motivational spectrum (see Chapter 3) and is least influenced by external or sociogenic factors. From a clinical perspective, the compulsive offender has a powerful urge to act out his violent thoughts and fantasies, with a strong potential for repetition. He knows that the urge is dangerous and often plans his actions first in his mind and then perhaps through some behavioral tryouts; finally, often years later, he commits a criminal act. Other times, the compulsive offender acts out his fantasies in an unplanned, spontaneous manner when a victim of opportunity crosses his path.
Anxiolytics: Predicting Response/Maximizing Efficacy
Mark S. Gold, R. Bruce Lydiard, John S. Carman in Advances in Psychopharmacology: Predicting and Improving Treatment Response, 2018
DSM III criteria for diagnosis are The presence of either obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are recurrent, persistent ideas that are ego-dystonic. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behaviors performed according to certain rules or in a stereotyped fashion. Compulsions are designed to produce or prevent some future situation. The acts are performed with a sense of compulsion and accomplish some reduction in anxiety, but the individual recognizes they are senseless.Symptoms distress the patient and interfere with daily functioning.Symptoms are not part of Tourette’s Disorder, Schizophrenia, Major Depression, or Organic Mental Disorder.
The comparison of impulsivity and craving in stimulant-dependent, opiate-dependent and normal individuals
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2018
Ali Mohammadzadeh, Vahid Khosravani, Rasoul Feizi
The aim of this study was to compare impulsivity and craving among stimulant-dependent, opiate-dependent, and normal groups. The results showed that stimulant-dependent and opiate-dependent groups exhibited greater impulsivity and craving than normal group. This finding was in line with the previous studies (e.g. Grüsser et al., 2000; Fox, Axelrod, Paliwal, Sleeper, & Sinha, 2007; Khosravani, Mehdizadeh, & et al., 2017a). Increased impulsivity in stimulant-dependent and opiate-dependent groups can reflect problems of these patients in delaying needs and inhibition of behaviors. Some researchers showed that the behaviors observed in patients with substance use disorders are known as a kind of compulsion. Impulsive behaviors in these patients may be considered as a procedure to decrease negative effects. These patients engage in impulsive behaviors to reduce their negative emotions without any attention to long-term outcomes of their behaviors (Ghorbani, Khosravani, Sharifi Bastan, & Jamaati Ardakani, 2017).
What is the impact of pharmacotherapy on psychotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2020
Donatella Marazziti, Andrea Pozza, Maria Teresa Avella, Federico Mucci
It is a common notion that the most appropriate treatments for psychiatric disorders include, or should include, an integration of pharmacotherapy with psychotherapy, or the use of one of the two strategies to potentiate the other. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is typical in this sense. It is a chronic and debilitating condition characterized by peculiar symptoms that are obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions consist of intrusive, repetitive ideas, thoughts, memories, feelings, images, which patients feel as disturbing and irrational and try to neutralize with specific actions or mental acts that are compulsions. Compulsions are behaviors or mental acts that the patients feel forced to perform usually, but not always occurring subsequently to an obsession to reduce distress or to prevent feared events.
Hippocampal functional network: The mediating role between obsession and anxiety in adult patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2020
Kun Li, Haisan Zhang, Bi Wang, Yongfeng Yang, Meng Zhang, Wenqiang Li, Xianrui Li, Luxian Lv, Jingping Zhao, Hongxing Zhang
In recent years, emerging bodies of evidence have revealed that the cerebellum is associated with cognitive functions, including visuospatial attentional function (Brissenden et al. 2018), attention and working memory (Brissenden et al. 2016; Sokolov et al. 2017). In addition, abnormal intrinsic activities in the cerebellum have been found to be involved in the pathophysiological mechanism of OCD not only through abnormal cognitive function but also affective functional defects (Eng et al. 2015; Xu et al. 2018). Moreover, abnormal cerebellar FC network has been suggested to be related to anxiety vulnerability (Caulfield et al. 2016). Taken together, increased FC between the hippocampus and cerebellum may be related to abnormal information monitoring and attention deficit in patients with OCD. These patients pay too much attention to the unrelated information, which evokes pathological anxiety. Compulsion is applied to alleviate anxiety. However, the patient subjectively wants to suppress the obsession and compulsion, exacerbating the anxiety.
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