Criminal and civil law for the psychiatrist in England and Wales
John C. Gunn, Pamela J. Taylor in Forensic Psychiatry, 2014
In the law, mens rea means the mental state or quality of behaviour (such as ‘recklessly’) required for the offence under consideration, and it is expressly stated or implied in the definition of the particular offence. For example, in the Theft Act 1968, theft is defined in section 1 as dishonestly appropriating property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it. Thus the mens rea for the offence of theft requires both dishonesty and an intention permanently to deprive the victim of the property. In other offences expressions such as ‘knowingly’ and ‘maliciously’ describe the required mens rea. Clearly ‘mental state’ is used here in a very restricted sense; it is concerned largely with the cognitive aspects of a person’s mental state and not with the emotional aspects. Mens rea may include intentionality, recklessness, ‘guilty knowledge’ (i.e. knowing that one is doing wrong), competence and responsibility. Such concepts are abstract ideas, antedate psychiatry, and are not subservient to medical ideas.
Nutritional Deficiencies
Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw in Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Subacute onset over hours to days of one or, more often, various combinations of: Gait ataxia.Ophthalmoplegia: due to involvement of cranial nerves III or VI. Patient presents with supranuclear horizontal and/or vertical gaze palsies, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and/or lateral rectus palsies, often causing diplopia.Nystagmus: horizontal and/or vertical.Mental state disturbance: global confusional state causing apathy, inattention, disorientation, minimal spontaneous speech, forgetfulness, drowsiness, and even coma.
Lifestyle Medicine for the Older Adult Population
James M. Rippe in Manual of Lifestyle Medicine, 2021
In addition to declines in physical capacity associated with the aging process, older adults may have declines in social factors such as companionship, mental state, and economic issues, all of which can make adequate nutrition more difficult to achieve. Finally, there are a number of physiological changes which may be of particular concern for older adults. For example, salivary secretions decrease with increasing age and dentition may be adversely affected by aging, such as loss or extraction of teeth or poorly fitting dentures. In addition, a number of chronic illnesses are more prevalent in older adults, including CVD, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), hypertension, immune function, and cancer, all of these can create additional challenges for adequate nutrition among older adults.
Implementation of a novel taxonomy based on cognitive work analysis in the assessment of safety performance
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2018
Vicente [10] described that CTA focuses on what needs to be done in a work domain. CTA complements WDA by identifying the activity that is necessary to achieve [10]. Vicente [10] and Rasmussen et al. [9] presented different approaches for analyzing activity. For Vicente [10], ‘analysis of activity’, or CTA, involves analyzing the operating modes and control tasks of a work system. For Rasmussen et al. [9], the analysis of activity is conducted in work domain terms and in decision-making terms. In ‘activity analysis’ in work domain terms, the focus of Naikar et al. [11] is on identifying work situations and work functions, which are similar to Vicente’s [10] operating modes. A cognitive state is a condition of being (e.g., the state of being alert, the state of being aware of the situation, the state of being certain or uncertain and the state of knowing something) while a cognitive process is an activity (e.g., the process of seeking information and the process of formulating a plan) [27]. CTA focuses on what needs to be done in a work domain in order that a system can achieve its functions and objectives.
Effects of night shift on the cognitive load of physicians and urinary steroid hormone profiles – a randomized crossover trial
Published in Chronobiology International, 2018
Wolf Osterode, Sandra Schranz, Galateja Jordakieva
In conclusion, in this study we quantified mental state (mood, vigilance and agitation) and seven categories of sleep parameters by self-rating questionnaires and directly measured parameters in a computer-assisted visual recognition test along with steroid hormone concentrations in 24 h urine samples without night shift and after 24 h on duty. Mental state was significantly reduced in all three categories, as was the case for the sleep parameters (e.g. mental state, sense of recreation after sleep or mental balance). Essential findings of this paper are the significant correlations between mental status and sleep categories – bearing in mind that correlations do not imply causality. Expanding additional associations between visual recognition and steroid hormones, we found an attendance to make faster wrong decisions after 24 h on duty, whereas correctly identified items were positively correlated with DHEA concentrations. The time of reaction was negatively correlated with DHEA. Similarly, DHEA was negatively correlated with sense of recreation presuming an underling compensations mechanism. Finally, our results do not confirm prior results that night shift considerably activates the adrenocortical axis, findings that were found in a similar setting more than 10 years back.
Memory Self-Efficacy and Beliefs about Memory and Aging in Oldest-Old Adults in the Louisiana Healthy Aging Study (LHAS)
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2019
Katie E. Cherry, Bethany A. Lyon, Emily O. Boudreaux, Alyse B. Blanchard, Jason L. Hicks, Emily M. Elliott, Leann Myers, Sangkyu Kim, S. Michal Jazwinski
Demographic and health characteristics of the groups appear in Table 1. We used a short-form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Vocabulary subtest (Jastak & Jastak, 1964) as a proxy for verbal intelligence. We used the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE; Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1975) to assess cognitive status. Affective status was indexed by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS; Sheikh & Yesavage, 1986). We assessed self-perceived health with questions from the Older American Resources and Services Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire (Salek, 1999). Although use of these measures in younger adults is uncommon, they were used in our younger adult population for direct comparison purposes and have previously shown reliability for use in younger populations (Ferraro & Chelminski, 1996).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cognition
- Consciousness
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