Remediative approaches for cognitive disorders after TBI
Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda in Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Cognition entails specific skill sets (e.g., the ability to maintain a focus of attention) which, combined, form processes (learning, remembering, planning, problem solving). Interventions designed to improve overall cognitive function must, therefore, address both specific skill sets and processes. Because many cognitive skills combine to form processes of cognition, a review of the definitions here provides insight into the breadth and complexity of cognitive skills and processes. The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine9 and the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association8 guidelines combined may provide the most comprehensive inventory of cognitive skills and processes. These include attention, alertness, awareness, attention span, selective attention, stimuli recognition, stimuli discrimination, maintenance of the temporal order of stimuli, learning, retention, memory, organizing, categorizing, association, synthesis of information, comprehension, thinking, problem solving, decision making, planning, insight, reasoning, learning ability, maintenance of sequential goal-directed behavior with self-correction of responses, and emotionality.
The Endocrine System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
The pituitary gland or hypophysis is located in a small cavity in the floor of the skull behind the bridge of the nose. It is about the size of a pea, consisting of two lobes secreting different hormones, and is connected to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk. Functions of the anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) are regulated by the hypothalamus, which also regulates thirst, appetite and caloric intake, sleep-wake behavior, emotions, autonomic balance, and cognition (a knowing or recognition).
Methodological Considerations
Christoph de Haën in X-Ray Contrast Agent Technology, 2019
As already alluded to, the analytical model’s most basic tenet is that the genesis and shaping of new technology happens as a result of the interference of different knowledge cultures, more often than not empirical knowledge cultures.15 I would like knowledge cultures to be understood here as structures in the sense of Sewell (1992), i.e., as constituted by mutually sustaining cultural schemas and sets of resources that empower and constrain social action and tend to reproduce by that action. The triplet formed by cognitive knowledge, know-how (and skill), and “know how to behave,” which is accumulated in the domain defined by a conventional designation for a knowledge culture, such as physics, pharmacology, radiology, regulatory affairs, forensics, or entrepreneurship, may serve as illustration of what is a resource linked to knowledge cultures as structure (de Haën 2009). Participants of a knowledge culture form a thought community in the sense of Fleck (1981; 1983), and they share emotional and/or subconscious elements of a worldview. Shared tacit knowledge (Polanyi 1966) and technical jargon are particular aspects of cultural schemas cementing actors of a knowledge culture together. The career ladder, professional societies, and other categorical associations are further cultural schemas linked to knowledge cultures as structures. The role of the latter in establishing and maintaining power is prominent. Females and males may in certain circumstances belong to different knowledge cultures despite sharing a label.16
The effect of experimentally-induced diabetes on rat hippocampus and the potential neuroprotective effect of Cerebrolysin combined with insulin. A histological and immunohistochemical study
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Doaa El-Adli, Salwa A. Gawish, Amany AbdElFattah Mohamed AbdElFattah, Mona Fm. Soliman
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder affecting the whole-body systems. Besides the most common peripheral nervous system (PNS) complications in diabetic patients, diabetes has negative impacts on the central nervous system (CNS) [1]. Although diabetic peripheral neuropathy has been extensively reported, the numbers of studies that investigated diabetes-related changes in the CNS are still limited [2]. Cognition is the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thoughts, experiences, and senses. Cognition is regulated by discrete brain circuits in different brain areas such as prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum [3]. It has been reported that chronically increased intracellular glucose concentration leads to functional and structural changes in brain areas concerned with cognitive function [4].
Perspectives from the patient: A content analysis of communication changes, impact, and strategies to facilitate communication in multiple sclerosis
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2022
Sarah El-Wahsh, Claire Layfield, Hans Bogaardt, Fiona Kumfor, Kirrie J. Ballard
Of note, hereinafter, the term communication is used as a broad term to refer to the exchange of information and ideas facilitated by a multitude of skills, including language and other cognitive functions, as well as speech, voice, and fluency (Smith & Caplan, 2018; Velentzas & Broni, 2014). In this paper, the term cognition is used to refer to mental activities involved in the interpretation, encoding, storage, retrieval, and use of knowledge and/or information to generate a response, acquire knowledge, and/or understand e.g. attention, memory, information processing speed, and visual perception (Ylvisaker, Szekeres, Hartwick, & Tworek, 1994, p. 548). Language is considered as one cognitive function, and in this paper, the term language is used to refer to expressive and receptive language skills across the domains of semantics, morphology, phonology, syntax, and pragmatics (Adrian, Richard, Ann, & Robert, 2001, pp. 5–11).
Assessing the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis to determine a causative relationship with Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2019
Cognition describes a person’s mental ability to process information, reasoning, and learning of new skills, remembering them, and relating to them. Episodic memory, accounts for neuronal plasticity, whereby neurons can modify the patterns of connectivity of functional neurons through enhanced development of their dendrites and axon elongation [77]. This ability appears to be lost in AD and is the basis of the cognitive testing regime designed to assess new patients for dementia. Synaptic plasticity refers to the ability of synapses to modify to adapt to challenges posed by ageing and disease processes. These changes include size, morphology, density and even complete loss of synapses within defined parameters of disease [78]. Spatial memory loss correlates with synaptic loss [79] and earlier reports assigned Aβ oligomer toxicity to synaptic loss in AD [80]. P. gingivalis infection models described here are also displaying impaired spatial and learning and memory deficits in the younger and older age groups [55,62,74], and in the AD transgenic and wild type infected mouse models [45] where inflammation is a common feature. Therefore, inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, which also has detrimental effect on synapses, is a likely challenge from infections that may correlate with plasticity and synapse loss resulting in cognitive dysfunctional displays by infected mice [45,55,62,74].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Attention
- Intelligence
- Memory
- Perception
- Working Memory
- Knowledge
- Understanding
- Intellect
- Thought
- Imagination