Genetic testing for talent identification and development
Silvia Camporesi, Mike McNamee in Bioethics, Genetics and Sport, 2018
A rights framework can help us think through some of the thorny issues. The 1989 UN Convention of the Rights of the Child has 41 articles. They vary in scope and function. We have noted above how Article 12 – the right to be heard – has application in our present discussion. But the kind of right that it is was not discussed. Many of the rights are protective of the welfare and interest of the child and are sometimes referred to as protective rights. Wall (2010) calls these top-down protection rights and bottom-up participation rights. Their sense is fairly obvious. Feinberg’s thesis can be allocated the protective mode. In the case of zealous sports parenting, the use of genetic testing may be envisaged as occurring within a narrative of parental choice or even domination. Wall writes: Protection rights should identify those protected as … vulnerable. They should call for one another’s responsiveness to difference. Not to be abused or exploited means not to be reduced to others’ narratives and powers, not to be denied a particular social creativity of one’s own.(Wall 2010, 127)The latter point – non-subjection to the narratives of parents – seems to be the most apt description of the sports parents who live through the failures of their own sporting biography vicariously in the sought-for successes of their child’s.
Deaths and injury in infancy
Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones in Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 2019
Child abuse is a generic term that includes all forms of physical and emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect and exploitation that results in actual or potential harm to the child's health, development or dignity. In 1946, Caffey and colleagues described multiple fractures in the long bones of infants suffering from chronic subdural haematomas (SDH). Previously in the 19th century, Tardieu described similar phenomena. Over 50 years have passed since Kempe and colleagues published ‘The Battered Child Syndrome’, describing harm from inflicted injury mechanisms derived from parents and caregivers. From this emerged a rapidly expanding literature on paediatric forensic medicine and child protection and safeguarding, which has offered new insights into the extent of the problem, injury mechanisms, and the sequelae of abuse and neglect, informing diagnosis and guiding clinical practice in the treatment and management of children who become involved in the child protection system.
Child abuse
Ruth Chambers, Kirsty Licence, AI Aynsley-Green in Looking after Children in Primary Care, 2018
Child abuse is a severe and life-threatening condition that behaves in some ways like a chronic illness. It has around about the same prevalence in the primary care setting as, say, diabetes (about 2% and another 2% we don’t know about) and is just as corrosive. Those working in primary care have important roles at all stages of the problem. We should no more think of the referral of a child protection concern being the beginning and end of our role than we would think of admitting an elderly and vulnerable patient with diabetes to hospital as being the sum of our role. Just as in any other severe, life-threatening and chronic condition, we do not act alone but draw on the skills and expertise of the primary heathcare team and often the wider, multidisciplinary team (for example, those in social services and housing) as well.
Interventions that Foster Healing Among Sexually Exploited Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Published in Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2018
Melissa Moynihan, Claire Pitcher, Elizabeth Saewyc
For our operational definitions, we drew on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN CRC), the first international agreement on the definition of child and adolescent sexual exploitation, along with its optional protocol, On the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2000). We define “child” as anyone under 18 years old, aligning with Article 1 of the UN CRC, which designates a child to be “every human being below the age of 18 years” (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 1989). The optional protocol further specifies child prostitution as “the use of a child in sexual activities for remuneration or any other form of consideration” (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2000, Article 2). Accordingly, in this review, child and adolescent sexual exploitation is defined as sexual abuse of individuals less than 18 years old through trading or exchanging sex or sexual activities (i.e., stripping, exotic dancing, pornographic videoing), for drugs, food, shelter, protection, other basics of life, and/or for money. We note that the term “child prostitution” largely obscures the exploitive nature of this activity. We purposefully use the term “child and adolescent sexual exploitation,” except when quoting directly from other authors, to highlight sexual exploitation of children and adolescents as a form of sexual abuse.
Experiences Related to Prenatal Testing Among Japanese Mothers of Children With Disabilities
Published in Women's Reproductive Health, 2018
Miyako Kimura
Based on the responses in the questionnaires and the content of the qualitative data (or open-ended questions), 144 descriptions related to prenatal testing were extracted, and eight categories were identified. These were “Knowing the disability of the baby,” “Knowing the risks for the baby, but not knowing future disability,” “Tried once but was not provided with opportunities to confirm the disability of the baby,” “Blocked opportunity to know the baby’s risks,” “Controlled information about the baby’s risks,” “Making a decision not to confirm the baby’s risks,” “Indicated some problems, but did not undergo further examination,” and “Not having any intention to undergo prenatal testing” (shown in Table 6). In the descriptions, the average age of the child was 11.5 (±4.3) years old (range 0–18 years).
Enabling Young Service Users to Provide Feedback on their Experience: An Evaluation of the Pilot Implementation of Children and Young People Accessible Friends and Family Test in General and Dental Practices in NHS England South (South Central)
Published in Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing, 2018
Nicholas Medforth, Kath Rooksby
The NHS England guide for commissioners of health services Transforming Participation in Health and Care: The NHS Belongs to Us All (NHS England, 2013) highlights the right of children and young people to have their views about the services they receive taken into account. Children and young people are key stakeholders of the NHS and their interests must be at the center of health and local government services, but they are a group of service users whose voice has not been routinely sought. Involvement of children and young people is acknowledged as a right underpinned by numerous legal imperatives. (Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health and the NHS Confederation, 2011). The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child outlines the right of children to give their views on matters affecting them, including decisions made in education and public services and also in local and national policies. The Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2010, and the Care Quality Commission (Registration) Regulations 2009 require providers of services to involve service users in all stages of their care.
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