Tobacco and health
Sally Robinson in Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Tobacco products which are designed to be chewed or sniffed are often called smokeless tobacco. Chemicals such as nicotine are quickly absorbed into the blood stream through the mucous lining of the mouth or nasal passages. Chewing tobacco is normally made from tobacco leaves which are air cured and crushed, with added flavourings. Dipping is the process of holding the tobacco between the lip and the gum. Varieties include gutka – dried tobacco leaves, areca nut, slaked lime, catechu, flavourings and sweetenersmishri – burnt tobacco rubbed into gums, used for teeth cleaningnass/naswar/niswar – tobacco, ash, cotton or sesame oil and water, rolled into a ballsnus – a Swedish form of snuff containing tobacco, moisturisers, sodium carbonate, salt, sweeteners and flavourings in small tea bagstambaku paan/betel quid – a combination of tobacco, areca nut and slaked lime folded into a betel leaf and chewedzarda – boiled and dried tobacco leaves with lime, spices, colourings, areca nut and flavourings
Drugs Affecting Autonomic Ganglia (Including the Adrenal Medulla)
Kenneth J. Broadley in Autonomic Pharmacology, 2017
Nicotine is readily absorbed across the respiratory and buccal mucous membranes and transdermally, hence its recent introduction for delivery in transdermal patches. The nicotine in cigarette smoke is suspended in an aerosol of small particles as the protonated form because of the low pH. This low pH (5.5) favours inhalation and absorption from the lungs into the circulation, reaching the brain within 8 sec after inhalation. Pipe and cigar smoke is more alkaline (pH 8.5) than cigarette smoke and the nicotine is in the unprotonated form, making it more readily absorbed in the buccal cavity. The nicotine in chewing tobacco and nicotine gums (NicoretteR, 2 and 4 mg), is also readily absorbed from the mouth. The lower pH of the stomach results in slower gastric absorption after ingestion but there is more rapid intestinal absorption.
Lifestyle and Diet
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Besides cigarette smoking, another type of tobacco addiction is smokeless tobacco. Smokeless tobacco is tobacco that is not burned. Since antiquity, it has been used by Native Americans and Aboriginal peoples of Australia. Consumed either orally or nasally, by chewing, sucking, or sniffing, smokeless tobacco products deliver nicotine without combustion. There are many different forms of smokeless tobacco products consumed globally, but they can be roughly divided into two categories: snuff (finely ground or cut tobacco) and chewing tobacco (whole leaf, plug or twist tobacco) (115). Although all smokeless tobacco products are addictive due to the presence of nicotine, they do not involve combustion, carry no risks associated with smoke inhalation, and are generally accepted to be less hazardous than smoking (115). However, at least 28 chemicals in smokeless tobacco have been found to cause cancer (116). The most harmful chemicals in smokeless tobacco are tobacco-specific nitrosamines, which are formed during the growing, curing, fermenting, and aging of tobacco. The level of tobacco-specific nitrosamines varies by product. Scientists have found that the nitrosamine level is directly related to the risk of cancer (116). Chewing leaf tobacco can lead to nicotine addiction and can cause cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and pancreas. Chewing tobacco products may also cause gum disease, dental problem, pharyngitis, laryngitis, heart disease, stroke, and other health problems (116).
Change in socio-economic inequality of tobacco consumption among men in India: evidence from National Family Health Survey 2005-06 to 2015-16
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021
Ratna Patel, Pradeep Kumar, Shobhit Srivastava, Shekhar Chauhan
The study used three outcome variables: smokeless tobacco use, smoked tobacco use, and tobacco use (smokeless or smoke tobacco). The questions were asked to the respondent (1) Do you currently smoke cigarettes. (2) Do you currently smoke bidis? and (3) Do you currently smoke or use tobacco in any other form such as (a) Cigar, (b) Pipe, c) Hookah, (d) Gutkha/paan masala with tobacco, (e) Khaini, (f) Pan with tobacco, (g) other chewing tobacco, and (h) Snuff. The questions’ responses were ‘Yes’ and ‘No.’ Respondents consuming chewing tobacco or snuff or gutkha/paan masala with tobacco or paan with tobacco or khaini were considered a smokeless tobacco user. The respondent who currently smoke bidis or cigarettes or cigar or pipe or hookah was considered a smoke tobacco user. For tobacco use, if the respondent consumed either smokeless or smoke tobacco was coded as 1 “Yes” and 0 “No.”
Epidemiological Assessment of Oral Cancer Burden in Pakistan
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2021
Naila Malkani, Sara Kazmi, Muhammad Usman Rashid
Tobacco is used in various forms in South East Asia including Pakistan such as cigarettes, cigars, hookahs, and pipes. WHO has reported that more than 41% of the Pakistani population use tobacco (http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/tobacco/use/atlas.html). This high exposure to tobacco smoking could be a contributing factor towards an increased incidence of this cancer in Pakistan. Tobacco smoking is linked with OSCC in North-West Pakistan (39). A smokeless tobacco product, “naswar” is extensively consumed in various regions of Pakistan. A case-control study noted that the oral cancer burden in Pakistan is attributable to “naswar” in 68% of men and 38% of women (40). Another study showed chewing tobacco as a major risk factor for oral cancer among Asian ethnic subgroups living in the UK (41).
Linalool attenuates acquisition and reinstatement and accelerates the extinction of nicotine-induced conditioned place preference in male mice
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2021
Nicotine, which is known as a major addictive substance, is generally present in tobacco herbs. Tobacco is generally consumed in different forms, such as cigarettes, cigars, and chewing tobacco (5–7). Tobacco dependence is a major preventable reason for global morbidity and mortality, and quitting smoking is complex, especially for heavily dependent smokers. Like other drug and substance addictions, tobacco dependence is a chronic relapsing disease and has no logical cure so far (5,6). In general, 6 million people die every year as a result of smoking (8). Smoking is tremendously harmful to the human body, more specifically for the respiratory system, and can induce coughing disorders, laryngitis, emphysema, bronchitis, cancer, heart disease, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (5,6,8,9). Nicotine, as the primary active ingredient in tobacco, mediates positive impact through the stimulation of central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are expressed in the dopaminergic neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) and the brain reward system (8). It influences several neurotransmitter systems in the brain’s reward mechanisms (10–15).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cheek
- Leukoplakia
- Nicotine
- Oral Cancer
- Cancer
- Smokeless Tobacco
- Gums
- Spitting
- Spittoon
- Snuff