Perimenstrual Negative Affect: Development and Testing of an Explanatory Model
Diana L. Taylor, Nancy F. Woods in Menstruation, Health, and Illness, 2019
Distress Persistent, or noncyclical, negative affectivity was considered a intrapersonal variable influencing the severity and perception of PNA. Conceptualized as a combination of depression and anxiety, negative affectivity results in a personal feeling of distress for the individual woman. In this model, distress was a mediating dimension along with health practices affecting the perception and severity of perimenstrual symptoms. Two indicators, depression and anxiety, represent this latent variable. Depression was measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (DES-D), designed for use with community populations. In the 20-item scale, respondents are asked how often the symptoms occurred during the past week, and responses are scored on a scale of 0 to 3, where 0 = less than 1 day, and 3 = 5–7 days. A single summarized score is generated with those below 16, indicating the absence of depression. The scale correctly identified 71% of minor dépressives, clinically diagnosed patients, and 57% of depressive personalities. The CES-D has a false positive rate of 16.6% and a false negative rate of 40% for major depression. Selected sample means include 3.6 for working women and 4.5 for homemakers (Newberry, Weissman, & Myers, 1979). Reliability of the CES-D in our previous studies was high (alpha = .89). Anxiety was assessed using a 5-item scale (Lewis, Firsich, & Parsell, 1979) scored similarly to the CES-D.
Pharmacotherapies for PTSD and Substance Use Disorders
Anka A. Vujanovic, Sudie E. Back in Posttraumatic Stress and Substance Use Disorders, 2019
Furthermore, the stress hormones and neurotransmitter systems that contribute to negative affect are important given the role of negative affect in both PTSD and drug use behavior (Hall et al., 2015; Mason, Hitch, & Spoth, 2010; Ubaldi, Cannella, & Ciccocioppo, 2016; Weems et al., 2007). For example, in a behavioral economics study, Murphy et al. (2013) found that depressive symptoms were positively correlated with how individuals rated the value or salience of alcohol. In this study, an alcohol purchase task was used to establish a demand curve for alcohol among college students who had at least one heavy drinking episode in the past month (N = 133). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to assess depressive symptoms. The mean CES-D score was 13.3 for the sample, which is below the threshold score (CES-D =16) that is considered at risk for clinical depression in adolescent and young adult populations (Radloff, 1991). Murphy et al. (2013) also found that depressive symptoms were positively correlated with the amount of alcohol subjects would consume if it was freely available.
Maladaptive Coping in Functional Somatic Syndromes
Peter Manu in The Psychopathology of Functional Somatic Syndromes, 2020
The association between depression and illness behavior in fibromyalgia was the focus of a multicenter investigation coordinated by researchers from the University of Bologna, Italy (Ercolani et al., 1994). The 327 subjects were recruited from academic outpatient practices in Milan, Ancona, and Siena, Italy. The diagnosis of fibromyalgia was established in accordance with the Yunus criteria (Yunus et al., 1981). The mean age of the sample was 42 years, and 87 percent of the subjects were female. The presence and severity of depression were assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), an extensively validated 20-item instrument designed for general populations (Radloff, 1977; Farmer et al., 1988). Illness behavior was assessed with a standard self-administered 62-item questionnaire (Pilowsky and Spence, 1975) measuring levels of hypochondriasis, disease conviction, somatic versus psychological focusing, affective inhibition, affective disturbance, denial, and irritability. The authors’ assumption was that maladaptive coping is demonstrated by abnormal scores on three of these scales: disease conviction (i.e., an intense belief that a physical illness was present and rejection of a physician’s reassuring statements to the contrary); somatic versus psychological focusing (i.e., the tendency to reject psychological factors as contributing to the illness); and denial of current life problems.
The effect of the Ambulatory Integration of the Medical and Social (AIMS) model on health risk and depression
Published in Social Work in Health Care, 2022
Victoria M. Rizzo, Jeannine M. Rowe, Woojae Han, Suk-Young Kang, Bonnie Ewald, Steven K. Rothschild, Robyn Golden
Depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised-10 (CESD-R-10; Eaton et al., 2004; Radloff, 1977). The CESD-R-10 is a measure that includes 10 items relating to depression and asks respondents to rate the number of days they felt during the past week in relation to each item using a 4-point Likert Scale (0 = rarely or none of the time to 3 = all of the time). The measure score ranges 0 – 30 – with a higher score indicating a greater level of depression. A score equal to or greater than 10 indicates depression. The CESD-R-10 is a validated measure that has been tested with diverse populations and has demonstrated strong internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s a = 0.86) and high test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.85; Miller et al., 2008). The measure’s internal consistency reliability for the study sample is also high with Cronbach’s a = 0.86 at baseline and 0.87 at 6-months.
Sexual Inactivity Among Transfeminine Persons: A Canadian Respondent-Driven Sampling Survey
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2019
Ayden I. Scheim, Greta R. Bauer
Social factors potentially associated with sexual inactivity included lifetime experiences of perceived anti-transgender stigma (transphobia) and transphobic violence (physical or sexual assault, harassment or threats only, or none). Transphobia was measured with an 11-item scale (Cronbach’s α = 0.81) including items pertaining to enacted (e.g. employment discrimination) and internalized (e.g. fear of dying young due to being trans) dimensions of stigma (Marcellin et al., 2013). Psychosocial factors included sexual anxiety, fear, and satisfaction (α= 0.92; 0.84; 0.96), assessed with the relevant subscales of the Multidimensional Sexual Self-concept Questionnaire (Snell, 1998). The research team developed a seven-item measure of trans-related sexual worries (α = 0.80), including items such as “I worry that once I’m naked, people will not see me as the gender I am” and “I worry that there are very few people who would want to have sex with me.” Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (Radloff, 1977) scores (α = 0.93 in our data) were categorized into low (<16), moderate (16–26), and high (27–60) depressive symptomatology.
Longitudinal Prediction of Suicide Attempts for a Diverse Adolescent Sample of Native Hawaiians, Pacific Peoples, and Asian Americans
Published in Archives of Suicide Research, 2018
Earl S. Hishinuma, Myra D. Smith, Kayne McCarthy, Mark Lee, Deborah A. Goebert, Jeanelle J. Sugimoto-Matsuda, Naleen N. Andrade, Jacques B. Philip, Jane J. Chung-Do, Reid S. Hamamoto, Joy K. L. Andrade
Depressive symptoms were measured using the reliable and valid Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977). The 20 items were rated on a 0–3 scale: 0 = rarely or none of the time (0–1 day); 1 = some or little of the time (1–2 days); 2 = a moderate amount of time (3–4 days); and 3 = most or all of the time (5–7 days). Four composite mean scores were derived based on prior research, including on the HHSHS sample (e.g., Hishinuma et al., 2012): (1) Negative Affect Factor, 13 items; (2) Positive Affect Factor, 5 reverse-scored items; (3) Social Factor, 2 items; and (4) Overall = mean of 3 factors. Higher scores indicated higher levels of depressive symptoms. The CES-D was found to be valid with the HHSHS sample (e.g., criterion validity, CES-D predicted Diagnostic Interview Scale for Children major depressive disorder; Prescott et al., 1998).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Depression
- Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Psychological Testing