Endocrine Functions of Brain Dopamine
Nira Ben-Jonathan in Dopamine, 2020
Dysregulation of appetite also lies at the root of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Both are eating disorders characterized by loss of self-control in eating behavior and disturbed emotions, which affect 2%–3% of young women [43]. Anorexia is a serious eating disorder, with the highest mortality rate among psychiatric disorders. It is exemplified by chronic self starvation, amenorrhea, and severe weight loss due to the reductions of both fat mass and lean body mass. Bulimia is an eating disorder in which the subject engages in recurrent binge eating. To compensate for the high intake of food and to prevent weight gain, this is usually followed by the induction of vomiting, use of laxatives, enemas, diuretics, excessive exercising, or fasting, resulting in dysregulation of the endogenous endocrine axes.
Pathophysiology and Management of Diabetic Gastropathy
Emmanuel Opara in NUTRITION and DIABETES, 2005
Major historical features can include a history of long-standing, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or a prior history of peptic-ulcer disease. The patient may have known diabetic nephropathy or diabetic retinopathy, which could support a diagnosis of gut autonomic neuropathy. A history of migraine headaches could support the presence of cyclical-vomiting syndrome. Suggestive gastrointestinal symptoms of diabetic gastropathy may include nausea, emesis, weight loss, history of dehydration, or early satiety. It is quite important to try to elicit the potential use of medications that can alter gastric emptying, including use of over-the-counter, nonsteroidal, antiinflammatory drugs or antihistamines, or prescription narcotics or anticholinergic compounds, such as antispasmotics. Nonsteroidal, antiinflammatory drug use may be detected by a serum platelet aggregation assay. Use of narcotics may be detected by urine screening. In young individuals, bulimia must be considered.
Risky Health Behaviors
Deborah Fish Ragin in Health Psychology, 2017
Bulimia Defined Bulimics are not easily identified because, unlike anorexics, they do not appear dangerously underweight. Yet the psychological causes of bulimia can be just as deeply rooted and difficult to treat as anorexics. Psychologically, bulimics, like anorexics, are masking underlying problems with their eating disorders. Researchers continue to explore the psychological causes of bulimia. For the moment, however, the consensus seems to be that family function or dysfunction, self-esteem, emotional problems, and, to a limited extent, psychopathology, may contribute to the development of bulimia (Bennington, Tetsch, Kunzendorf, & Jantschek, 2007; Bruce & Steiger, 2005; Hudson, Hiripi, Pope, & Kessler, 2007).
A closer look at homework compliance in behavior therapy for bulimia nervosa: does homework compliance in between-session period prospectively predict session-by-session change in bulimia symptoms?
Published in Eating Disorders, 2023
Paakhi Srivastava, Megan N. Parker, Emily K. Presseller, Olivia B. Wons, Kelsey E. Clark, Adrienne S. Juarascio
Bulimia nervosa (BN) spectrum disorders are eating disorders characterized by recurrent engagement in binge eating (characterized by consumption of objectively large amounts of food accompanied by a subjective sense of loss of control) and inappropriate compensatory behaviors (e.g., self-induced vomiting, laxative or diuretic misuse, driven or compelled exercise, or fasting) driven by concerns about body weight or shape (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). BN spectrum disorders impacts as many as 1.0% of people in the United States and is associated with significant psychosocial impairment (Hudson et al., 2007). Although behavioral treatment approaches (i.e., Cognitive-Behavior Therapy and third-wave behavioral treatments) have the strongest empirical support for the treatment of BN spectrum disorders, as many as 70% of individuals with these disorders who undergo a full course of treatment remain symptomatic (Linardon, 2018). Further understanding of the components of behavioral treatments for BN spectrum disorders that promote reduction of symptoms is acutely needed.
“Not just right” experiences account for unique variance in eating pathology
Published in Eating Disorders, 2018
Grace A. Kennedy, Katherine A. McDermott, Brittany M. Mathes, Berta J. Summers, Jesse R. Cougle
Interestingly, our findings indicated that the visual NJRE task was associated with drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction, but not bulimic symptoms even after accounting for covariates. These results may point to a desire among those with high drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction to have things look “just right” according to some internal reference criteria. Indeed, visual NJREs are conceptually relevant to ED-specific cognitive distortions related to one’s size and shape, such as beliefs that aspects of the body are too large. These distortions are often perpetuated by repeated visual assessment of the body (i.e., body checking) to determine completion of their goal in achieving an ideal weight or shape (Shafran, Fairburn, Robinson, & Lask, 2004). The finding that bulimic symptoms were associated with self-report but not in vivo assessments of NJREs may suggest that overall NJREs are most relevant to the etiology and maintenance of bulimic symptoms. In addition, the bulimic symptoms subscale focuses primarily on binge eating behavior. Prior work suggests that binge eating is characterized by eating past the point of satiation (Wolff et al., 2000). Thus, those who engage in binge eating may have an internal reference of completion for when to cease eating. Given these differential findings, future research should further explore these associations and examine the potential involvement of different types of NJREs in disorder progression.
Longitudinal associations of trauma exposure with disordered eating: Lessons from the Great Smoky Mountains Study
Published in Eating Disorders, 2021
Rachel L. Zelkowitz, Noga Zerubavel, Nancy L. Zucker, William E. Copeland
Age-related differences emerged between trauma and disordered eating.Both sexual and non-sexual traumas were linked to childhood disordered eating.Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms did not predict childhood disordered eating.Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms predicted adult bulimia nervosa symptoms.Reexperiencing symptoms specifically predicted adult bulimia nervosa symptoms.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Eating Disorder
- Binge Eating
- Purging Disorder
- Vomiting
- Laxative
- Diuretic
- Stimulant
- Fasting
- Russell'S Sign
- Thyroid Disease