Lens Models of Human Judgment for Rater-Mediated Assessments
George Engelhard, Stefanie A. Wind in Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales, 2017
Research on human judgment has also been influenced by several general trends in 20th-century psychology. Two dominant research traditions emerged in psychology in the past century: behaviorism and cognitive science. In the first part of the 20th century, behavorism was the dominant paradigm (Skinner, 1938; Watson, 1919). Essentially, behaviorism emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, and stresses that the study of the mind is too vague to be the focus of an objective science of human behavior. The second half of the 20th century marked the emergence of cognitive sciences that include the study of a variety of topics such as decision-making and judgment, thought processes, memory, information processing, and language (Barsalou, 1992; Neisser, 1967). The transition from behavorism to cognitive psychology is often marked by a book review written by Chomsky (1959) who reviewed a book entitled Verbal Behaviors (Skinner, 1957). Chomskey (1959) argued that language cannot be learned and understood solely from a behaviorist perspective. Chomsky argued for internal mental structures that are avoided from a classical behaviorist perspective. In essence, cognitive sciences stress that internal cognitive representations can lead to changes in behavior.
Commentary
Mary Nolan, Shona Gore in Contemporary Issues in Perinatal Education, 2023
The reality is that there has never been, nor is there currently, a consensus on exactly ‘how to parent’, even within the scientific community. At present, two very different theoretical approaches are prominent both within scientific discourse and the wider media: Behaviorism and attachment parenting (Troutman, 2015). These approaches can seem to generate opposite recommendations about how best to parent. Simply put, behaviorism focuses mainly on strengthening certain behaviors through reinforcements (rewards) and reducing others through extinction (ignoring) (e.g. Skinner, 1953, 1974). Over the last 50 years, behaviorism has led the field of parenting research and currently forms the basis of the majority of evidence-based parenting intervention programs (e.g. Sanders, 1999; Webster-Stratton, 2005). By contrast, attachment parenting (Sears, 1982; Sears & Sears, 2001) is a somewhat more recent parenting philosophy that has become increasingly popular. The focus of attachment parenting approaches is usually on the development of a secure parent–child relationship and emotion-regulation skills in children. This is achieved through the presence of sensitive responsiveness on the part of the parent and respecting children’s choices (Miller & Commons, 2010).
Neuroscience in Social Work Practice and Education
Richard T. Spence, Diana M. DiNitto, Shulamith Lala Ashenberg Straussner in Neurobiology of Addictions, 2014
Cognitive psychology, emphasizing the influence of thinking on emotional states, became well-known in the 1970s under the leadership of therapists such as Aaron Beck (Wright & Beck, 1983) and Albert Ellis (Ellis, Mclnerrey, DiGuiseppi, & Yeager, 1988). Recognizing their respective limitations during the 1970s and 1980s, cognitive and behavioral approaches merged in the 1970s and early 1980s into “cognitive-behavioral” practice (Caroll, 1998; Meichenbaum, 1993). This approach has been widely utilized by psychologists in the field of addictions research and treatment and, finally in the mid-1990s, espoused growing numbers of social work practitioners and educators, particularly in the addictions field. Cognitive-behavioral psychology, unlike psychoanalytic and family systems theories, is consistent with and is increasingly being integrated with neuroscience (den Boer, 2000; Gorman, Kent, Sullivan, & Coplan, 2000; Hollander, Buchalter, & DeCaria, 2000).
Drug dependence as a split object: Trajectories of neuroscientification and behavioralization at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2023
I will address these questions by focusing on developments in German addiction research during the decades following World War II. Focusing on the research institute of the MPIP, I will examine one of the most high-ranking institutions of scientific psychiatry in Germany, where the study of addiction has long played a major role. In this way, I want to show that central concepts and therapy practices were developed during the period that led to a “neuroscientification” and “behavioralization” of addiction. Thereby, neuroscientification refers to the assumption of a neuronal, brain-centered ontology of addiction and its integration into neuroscientific (as distinct from purely neurological) discourses and practices. By behavioralization, I mean the adoption of the concept in behavioral psychology or psychotherapy.
Participatory approaches to workplace safety management: bridging the gap between behavioral safety and participatory ergonomics
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2020
Kristen A. Rost, Alicia M. Alvero
The behavioral safety approach uses the technology of applied behavior analysis (ABA) to improve and maintain safe workplace behavior and conditions. ABA is the applied derivative of experimental analysis of behavior (EAB), a field concerned with studying the principles of behavior (e.g., reinforcement, punishment and stimulus generalization) and identifying functional relations between aspects of behavior and environmental parameters. Both EAB and ABA stem from behaviorism, a philosophy of science that grew from developments made by researchers such as Ivan Pavlov (classical conditioning), E. L. Thorndike (the law of effect), John B. Watson (doctrine of objectivity) and B. F. Skinner (operant conditioning) [28]. The philosophy of behaviorism and the methods of EAB and ABA are distinct in comparison to other orientations in their treatment of behavior itself as the subject matter of psychology. In behavior analysis, overt behavior is treated as the primary dependent variable, and as a result, basic principles of behavior have been established that describe how external factors can reliably predict behavior [29].
Does Awareness of either Psychotropic Medication or Behavioral Interventions Bias College Students’ Ratings of a Child’s Behavior?
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2020
Adam J. Almanza, John T. Rapp, Erica D. Kierce
As a whole, studies that have demonstrated biases in favor of medication as treatment for problem behavior differed from the current study in at least two ways. First, most participants in prior studies had a personal interest in the individuals receiving medication. Second, some studies used child samples with clear psychiatric diagnoses.7 By contrast, the current study utilized a population of undergraduate psychology students who most likely have had little or no professional experience with psychotropic medication or behavioral interventions for problem behavior; however, many may be more aware of behavioral psychology than average caregivers. Given these differences, it is possible that the histories of participants in prior studies made them more susceptible to biases than the less experienced adults who participated in this study. Similarly, it is reasonable to assume that a long history with either psychotropic medications or behavioral interventions could result in bias as well. To this end, we did not anticipate that college students would correctly track the behavior changes across videos. Nevertheless, this finding is consistent with a prior study, which found that college students detected relatively subtle behavior changes from brief video samples.19 This outcome could have broader implications for how practitioners evaluate various treatments for individuals diagnosed with ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Heredity
- Reflex
- Antecedent
- Reinforcement
- Punishment
- Three-Term Contingency
- Motivating Operation
- Stimulus Control
- Depth Psychology
- Law of Effect