The use of applied behavior analysis in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation
Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda in Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
The issue of maladaptive behavior, as an associated consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), is one of the most important aspects in brain injury rehabilitation because behavior disorders, often, represent a significant barrier to effective rehabilitation and functional outcome.1–6 Changes in personality and behavior are also familiar consequences of TBI.7–15 In the acute stages of recovery from TBI, it is common for a person to exhibit a variety of behavior disorders.16,17 Such behavioral disturbances are considered by many to be a phase of normal recovery of cognition.18,19 When these behaviors continue beyond acute recovery, however, and begin to form standard patterns of interaction with others, genuine concern is warranted.20 Behavioral disorders are disturbing to families and staff,21,22 disruptive to therapy,23,24 and costly,25,26 and they can lead to criminality,27–31 negatively impact future quality of life,32 and jeopardize patient safety;33 thus, effective behavior analysis can be a powerful tool for teaching people more positive ways of interacting with their environment.
The Deep Brain Connectome
Yu Chen, Babak Kateb in Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping, 2017
The basal ganglia are a set of subcortical nuclei with strong recurrent connections between the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the brainstem. Abnormalities in basal ganglia circuitry have been implicated in a diverse set of neurological and psychiatric disorders. These include movement disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, dystonia, and essential tremor; behavioral disorders, such as Tourette’s syndrome and obsessive–compulsive disorders; and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, and addiction (Ring and Serra-Mestres 2002). Many of these disorders have been treated by surgically targeting the basal ganglia using deep brain stimulation (DBS), pallidotomies, or thalamotomies. Consequently, a thorough understanding of the basal ganglia can provide insight not only into the functioning of the brain but also into the treatment of a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Recent advances in human brain mapping techniques offer to advance our understanding significantly by generating detailed connectivity maps of the entire brain—the connectome. The deep brain connectome, the wiring diagram of the basal ganglia, its projections, and adjacent white matter tracts, will provide a number of insights into the diagnosis and surgical treatment of basal ganglia disorders. This chapter will review the reasons for studying the deep brain connectome, the current approaches for analyzing the connectome, and the potential of the deep brain connectome for advancing the surgical treatment of basal ganglia disorders.
Mental disorders
Claude Leray in Dietary Lipids for Healthy Brain Function, 2017
The specialists of mental disorders in children and adolescents consider ADHD as a behavioral disorder characterized mainly by three symptoms: difficulty in fixing the attention, motor hyperactivity (hyperkinesia), and high impulsivity (see the National Institute of Mental Health site http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml). In most subjects, attention deficit and hyperactivity coexist, sometimes inattention or hyperactivity may be predominant, with that distinction creating three subtypes for the same disorder. Thus, the manifestations of ADHD vary from one individual to another, the three symptoms occurring very differently depending on the age or the context of the subject life. In all cases, symptoms interfere with social, academic, or professional activities.
Clinical correlates and adverse outcomes of ADHD, disruptive behavior disorder and their co-occurrence among children and adolescents with HIV in Uganda
Published in AIDS Care, 2020
Tatiana Taylor Salisbury, Eugene Kinyanda, Jonathan Levin, Alexander Foster, Richard Mpango, Vikram Patel, Kenneth D. Gadow
Co-occurring behavioral disorders (ADHD and ODD and/or CD) are common with an estimates of 50% of youth with ADHD also meeting the criteria for ODD/CD (Pliszka, 2003). They pose an additional threat to the success of CA-HIV due to their compounded negative impacts on physical and mental health, and social, educational and economic outcomes. Research suggests co-occurring behavioral disorders present as a clinically distinct group from individual behavioral disorders. In a review of the impact of co-occurring psychiatric disorders on peer functioning, social skills problems were significantly greater among individuals with ADHD and ODD/CD (Becker et al., 2012). In a study of Ukranian non-HIV affected youth, those with ADHD + ODD scored higher on aggression, anxiety and depression and experienced greater caregiver conflict than the sum of their individual disorders would predict (Drabick et al., 2004). Co-occurring ODD/CD is associated with negative physical health and mental health and poorer social and economic outcomes among youth with ADHD in general. In the United States, for example, a 10-year longitudinal study of co-occurring behavioral disorders in a non-HIV sample of boys, Biederman and colleagues found boys with ADHD + ODD/CD were at increased risk of having a substance use disorder, depressive disorder and anti-social personality disorder compared to those without a behavioral disorder and those with ADHD Only (Biederman et al., 2008). They also found these boys were more likely to have initiated sexual intercourse before age 16 and been suspended or expelled from school.
Language, intellectual and educational outcomes after moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury sustained before the age of 18 months
Published in Brain Injury, 2019
Jeanne Vassel-Hitier, Valentine Verdier, Stéphanie Rasquier, Anaïs Chalard, Anne Laurent-Vannier, Mathilde Chevignard
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the primary cause of mortality and disability in childhood (1,2) with possible delayed sequelae, especially in the cognitive and behavioral domains (3). Long-term consequences of moderate-to-severe TBI are particularly worrying in young children, because of diffuse brain lesions occurring in a young immature brain (3–7). Consequences are also moderated by demographic and environmental factors, such as parental education and socio-economic status, family functioning, as well as toddler’s pre-injury level of development and abilities (3,8–10). Early TBI can affect cognitive outcome (3), reducing subsequent intellectual, language (11,12), memory, attention and executive functions development over the long term (2,6,13). Behavioral disorders are also frequently reported (8,14).
A Bibliometric Analysis of the Occupational Therapy Literature Addressing Interventions for Children and Adolescents with Mental Health Needs
Published in Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 2022
Sharon A. Gutman, Ted Brown, Pat Precin, Lauren J. Chan, Devin C. Czuj, Brooke N. Hartman, Brittany M. Meindl, Amanda R. O’Connor, Atara Safrin, Jennifer N. Stein, Julia H. Wolinsky
According to the 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health (Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health, n.d.; Whitney & Peterson, 2019), it is estimated that approximately 7.7 million children and adolescents experience a mental health disorder before age 18. The most commonly experienced psychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence are reported to be anxiety (40.2%) including (a) generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and separation anxiety disorder; (b) behavioral disorders (29.2%) including oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); (c) mood disorders (25.5%) including major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and bipolar disorder; and (d) eating disorders (2.7%) (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention [CDC], 2020; Child Mind Institute, 2015).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anxiety Disorder
- Conduct Disorder
- Mood Disorder
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder
- Psychopathology
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Schizophrenia
- Mental Disorder
- Self-Esteem
- Self-Harm