Seizures
Vincenzo Berghella in Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) proposed a new operational classification for seizures and epilepsies in 2017 [7]. Depending on their onset, seizures are classified as focal, generalized, or unknown. Focal seizures can be further subdivided into seizures with or without impairment of awareness, previously known as simple partial or complex partial seizures (CPS). Focal onset seizures are further divided into motor onset or non-motor onset based on clinical features. When awareness is preserved the patient may either experience focal motor or sensory manifestations or experience a subjective feeling, called aura. Auras can be olfactory, gustatory, sensory, auditory, visual, vertiginous sensations, or psychic experiences (such as déja vu). Focal seizures with impairment of consciousness can evolve into bilateral convulsive seizure (also known as secondarily generalized seizure). The prototype for generalized seizures is the generalized tonic clonic (GTC) seizure. However, generalized onset seizures are further divided into motor (main subtypes being tonic-clonic, clonic, tonic, atonic myoclonic) and nonmotor (main subtype being absence seizure). The most common unknown onset epilepsy is epileptic spasms.
Migraine
Gary W. Jay in Clinician’s Guide to Chronic Headache and Facial Pain, 2016
Approximately 25% of migraineurs experience an aura prior to the headache (23). Auras typically last 5 to 60 minutes and usually terminate before the onset of headache. Auras represent focal neurological symptoms that develop as a result of a spreading wave of cortical depression moving from the occipital area of the brain forward at the rate of 2-3 mm/sec. The most common auras are visual such as scotomata (absent spots in the visual field) and teichopsia (zig-zag lines). Sensory auras also occur and can be worrisome to the patient. Dysarthria (difficulty with speech) may also occur as an aura. Auras that warrant a diagnostic workup include those that are prolonged (more than 60 minutes); associated with paralysis or syncope; and occur for the first time in a patient over 50 years of age or after initiation of oral contraceptives. Patients may experience an aura without headache (Table 5) (30).
Migraine: diagnosis and treatment
Stephen D. Silberstein, Richard B. Upton, Peter J. Goadsby in Headache in Clinical Practice, 2018
Headache usually occurs within 60 minutes from the end of the aura, but it may be delayed for several hours or entirely absent.10,11 In one prospective study, headache followed the aura only 80% of the time.10 Most patients do not feel normal during the gap between the aura offset and headache onset. Fears, somatic complaints, alterations in mood, disturbances of speech or thought, or detachment from the environment or other people may occur. The headache may begin before or simultaneously with the aura, or the aura may occur alone. Patients can have more than one type of aura, with a progression from one symptom to another. Most patients with a sensory aura also have a visual aura.12
Epileptic seizure prediction based on features extracted from lagged Poincaré plots
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Soroor Behbahani, Nader Jafarnia Dabanloo, Ali Motie Nasrabadi, Antonio Dourado
In the physiological description of what is happening as heart rate changes in epileptic patients, we can give an example of ‘aura.’ An aura is a term that some people use to describe the warning they feel before they have a tonic-clonic seizure. Of course, the nature of the aura is different from increasing or decreasing heart rate, but both are interpreted as a prognosis. However, in both cases, the patient often experiences them before the seizures, but may not be taken seriously. The difference in aura and heart rate changes is the aura occurs in certain seizures. Also, each patient may experience several aura or even never have symptoms during their lifetime; however, heart rate changes include a more extensive range of seizures and, depending on the type of epilepsy, low or high intensity. So it can be used as a measure to predict seizures.
Comparison and performance evaluation of human bio-field visualization algorithm
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Gunjan Chhabra, Ajay Prasad, Venkatadri Marriboyina
This methodology is very basic and widely used by “Pranic healing” (method to body’s inner healing ability to heal all levels like physical, mental, emotional & spiritual) practitioners. In this method, a special kind of training is given to a person so that he or she can view the human aura of the other person. Under this no machine or device is being used for the measurement, but one can see the aura using naked eyes, after learning the skills for the same. Aura is an energy field around human body, which is emitted by the organs of humans. It reflects the state of the body: mental, emotional and physical or medical. In basic analysis of human aura, one can detect two regions: Inner aura (expands 6–12 inches, reflects your spiritual health) and Outer aura (extend up to several feet from your body, luminous energy field). Strength of inner aura focuses on health and mental quality whereas outer aura is for the emotions of a person. Both auras are due to the combination of seven chakras and their combined impact on physiological system of human body.
The current state of acute treatment for migraine in adults in the United States
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2020
Wade Cooper, Erin Gautier Doty, Helen Hochstetler, Ann Hake, Vincent Martin
The two major subtypes are migraine with aura and without aura. Migraine with aura includes neurological disturbances characterized by visual symptoms such as seeing spots, lines, or gray patches; sensory symptoms including tingling or numbness; or difficulty speaking that usually precede the headache and last for up to an hour [2]. Aura usually begins with visual and then sensory symptoms followed by difficulty speaking or understanding language. Sensory aura is most commonly unilateral affecting the face and arm, and less commonly in the trunk and leg. About one-third of people with migraine experience aura before or during the attack. Migraine without aura does not include the above symptoms, although migraine attacks of both types may be accompanied by photo- or phonophobia, nausea, and/or vomiting.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anxiety
- Convulsion
- Derealization
- Differential Diagnosis
- Paresthesia
- Epilepsy
- Migraine
- Seizure
- Focal Seizure
- Panic Attack