Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Sabayaschi Bhaumik, David Branford in Frith Prescribing Guidelines for Adults with Learning Disability, 2005
The cardinal features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are extreme and persistent restlessness, sustained and prolonged motor overactivity, and difficulty in maintaining attention. These behaviours begin in childhood and are relatively chronic. They are not explained by gross neurological, sensory, language or motor impairment or by learning disabilities or severe emotional disturbance. These difficulties are typically associated with deficits in rule-governed behaviour or in maintaining a consistent pattern of work performance over time. Rule-governed behaviour refers to the capacity for language such as commands, directions, instructions or descriptions to direct an individual’s course of action.
Secondary Attentional Disturbances Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Lisa V. Blitz in Attention Deficit Disorder, 2007
Problems with attention, memory, and executive functioning after mild, moderate, or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) are common in children and adolescents (1). Our brain is the organ that controls these functions and when the brain sustains significant injury, these functions, as well as many others, may be disrupted immediately and/or permanently. While children are diagnosed with ‘‘developmental’’ attention deficit disorder (ADD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), there is another group of children who acquire secondary attentional disturbances after TBI. For these children with secondary-ADD (S-ADD) or secondary-ADHD (S-ADHD), the severity of their attentional disturbances is often related to the severity of their TBI (2). This section discusses the neuromechanisms of attentional disturbances after TBI and strategies to help children with TBI and attention disturbances succeed in the classroom.
- Review of the Research for Sleep and ADHD
Barbara C. Fisher in What You Think ADD/ADHD Is, It Isn't, 2013
Sleep problems have been clinically reported in an estimated 25%–50% of children and adolescents diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Owens, 2005). There is a two-to threefold higher prevalence of sleep problems in children with ADHD compared to controls, which includes difficulty falling asleep, frequent night waking, and increased tiredness upon awakening (Cohen-Zion and Ancoli-Israel, 2004). Parents of ADHD children have reported more sleep problems themselves (Kaplan et al., 1987). ADHD children had more sleep-related breathing disorder symptoms, enuresis, sleep talking, bruxism, as well as parasomnias (night terrors and sleepwalking) than control groups (Corkum et al., 2001). Children with ADHD were found to have significantly reduced sleep duration and increased number of stage shifts (Miano et al., 2006).
Is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Familial?
Published in Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 1994
Stephen V. Faraone, Joseph Biederman
Using two sources of data, we review methodologic issues pertinent to family studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder to evaluate whether such studies define attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as a familial disorder. We systematically evaluate the relevant literature and provide a detailed overview of the Massachusetts General Hospital family-genetic studies of attention deficit disorder as defined in DSM-III and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as defined in DSM-III-R. The available literature, and our double-blind, controlled studies indicate that attention deficit disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are familial. Moreover, the pattern of transmission of comorbid disorders suggests that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is, from a familial perspective, distinct from anxiety disorders and learning disabilities. In contrast, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct disorder appears to be a familial subtype, and major depression appears to be a variable expression of the familial predisposition to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Although the available literature provides strong evidence for the familial transmission of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, the mode of transmission requires further clarification. In addition, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder appears to be genetically heterogeneous, indicating that more work is needed to delineate genetically homogeneous subtypes and to describe the range of expression of their underlying genotypes. Family-genetic studies will continue to clarify the etiology and nosology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and physiological anxiety in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Published in Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 2021
Elizabeth Zambrano-Sánchez, José Martínez-Cortés, Adrián Poblano, Minerva Dehesa-Moreno, Francisco Vázquez-Urbano, Yolanda del Río-Carlos
Our objective was to explore the relationship between mother smoking during pregnancy and physiological anxiety of children with Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Cognitive profile was evaluated by Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, physiological anxiety by Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale. Mother’s smoking was evaluated by the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence. Ninety-seven children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder combined type, 70 inattentive, and 48 hyperactive-impulsive, and 130 controls were studied. We found a higher frequency of high smoking dependence in mothers of children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder-combined type, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-hyperactive type in the Fagerström test; and a significant correlation between physiological anxiety in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-combined type, with high and moderate maternal smoking level during pregnancy. In conclusion, data suggests, with caution a brain alteration of infants, induced by nicotine exposure during pregnancy in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-combined type, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-hyperactive type.
Slovenian Families With Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Interpersonal Relations, Parents’ Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Implications for Family Therapy
Published in Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 2017
ABSTRACT We aimed to assess interpersonal relationships within Slovenian families with a child diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (proband) as compared to control families. The current study evaluated parents’ retrospective assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood in both groups and possible predictive factors for the occurrence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. The proband parents experienced more difficulties in interpersonal relations, more often related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms during their childhood and the proband children blamed themselves for marital conflict to a greater extent. The general functioning of families and parents’ attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in their childhood are the most significant predictive factors for the occurrence of the disorder in children. These findings stressed the appropriateness of family therapy focused on interpersonal relationships in families with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder children.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Hyperactivity
- Neurodevelopmental Disorder
- Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders