Scientist-Practitioner Approach
Lori R. Kogan, Phyllis Erdman in Career Paths in Human-Animal Interaction for Social and Behavioral Scientists, 2021
As a licensed clinical professional counselor and horse owner who specializes in EAP/EAL and human-animal interaction (HAI), my career involves diverse roles. After graduating with an undergraduate degree in applied psychology and a master’s degree in counseling psychology from Bemidji State University, I have gone on to explore opportunities and work in clinical practice, teaching, and research. I also became certified through Eagala (Equine Assisted Growth and Learning Association) and opened a private practice, specializing in EAP. As a lifelong horse lover, I feel blessed to work in the field of EAP and AAI, helping people heal through this powerful work. I am also excited to be entering my second year of teaching as an adjunct psychology instructor at BSU, my alma mater.
Prevention and intervention
Tony Cassidy in Stress, Cognition and Health, 2023
We have discussed specific interventions that were relevant to the content in each previous chapter and provided references for others. In this chapter, our focus is more on the context, rationale and philosophy underpinning the development and application of interventions. Psychology is the scientific study which aims to describe, explain and predict behaviour and experience. The aim of applied psychology is to apply the evidence produced to change behaviour. If we can explain and predict behaviour, it follows that our strengths as psychologists lie in preventing negative or unwanted behaviours. Much of the efforts of psychologists traditionally has been spent in treating problem behaviour, but we have now entered a phase where prevention and early intervention is becoming more of a focus. As a naive young researcher working in a psychiatric hospital, I was invited to present at the weekly journal club, and I took for my presentation a recently published paper entitled “Opportunities for Prevention in the Practice of Psychiatry” (Philips, 1983). The audience were mostly consultant psychiatrists, and my talk was initially met by stony silence and then by a barrage of scorn and critical verbal abuse. I will always remember the comment from one senior psychiatrist who said scornfully, “We all know that depression is inherited, why would we waste our time trying to prevent it?” Thankfully we have a more enlightened approach these days; though the medical model still holds sway. In the area of psychology and health promotion, it is now widely accepted that prevention is not only possible and humanely desirable but is also economically beneficial (McDaid, Sassi & Merkur, 2015).
Starting with theory
E. Scott Geller in Working Safe, 2017
The behavior-based approach to applied psychology is founded on behavioral science as conceptualized and researched by B. F. Skinner (1938, 1974). In his experimental analysis of behavior, Professor Skinner rejected for scientific study unobservable factors such as self-esteem, intentions, and attitudes. He researched only observable behavior and its social, environmental, and physiological determinants. The behavior-based approach starts by identifying observable behaviors targeted for change and the environmental conditions that can be manipulated to influence the target behavior(s) in desired directions.
Uncertainty about Rater Variance and Small Dimension Effects Impact Reliability in Supervisor Ratings
Published in Human Performance, 2022
Duncan Jackson, George Michaelides, Christopher Dewberry, Amanda Jones, Simon Toms, Ben Schwencke, Wei-Ning Yang
A specific line of research has suggested smaller rater effects than those previously estimated. This research area has focused on performance ratings in particular occupations, such as in healthcare, applied psychology, ergonomics, and occupational safety (Burke et al., 2011, 2006). Burke, Landis, and Burke (2014) report that the measurement designs used in these occupations typically involve two raters who evaluate the same ratee at the same time and in the same context. The authors report higher reliabilities for such designs with “provisional” interrater reliability estimates of around .80 (p. 534). However, this still leaves open the possibility that ratings from different raters in different contexts might, in part, reflect perspectives that vary meaningfully. If context-varied effects are substantial and yet are treated wholly as contributing to unreliable variance, then the reliability of ratings might be underestimated.
Providing Sexuality Training for Psychologists: The Role of Predoctoral Internship Sites
Published in American Journal of Sexuality Education, 2021
Dena M. Abbott, Debra Mollen, Elxycus J. Anaya, Theodore R. Burnes, Madeline M. Jones, Victoria A. Rukus
As the final fieldwork experience in health service psychologists’ training, investigating the scope of sexuality training among American Psychological Association (APA)-accredited doctoral psychology internship programs may help to elucidate the current role of fieldwork experiences in providing sexuality education to psychologists. To earn a doctorate in clinical or counseling psychology from an APA-accredited program and meet licensure requirements in most jurisdictions in the United States, students must successfully complete a 2,000-h predoctoral clinical internship (Tracy et al., 2011). Internship programs provide students an opportunity to immerse themselves in clinical practice, as well as structured training experiences including supervision, consultation, teaching, didactics, and other educational experiences (Webb & Hill, 2016). Of the limited recent research on internship training in various disciplines in mental health training programs, most has focused on successfully obtaining an internship placement (Callahan & Watkins, 2018b; DeHay et al., 2019) and the importance of adhering to a competency-based approach to training (Grus et al., 2016; Larkin et al., 2016). The relatively little scholarship exists regarding specific training experiences on fieldwork internship or the domains covered, although there have been some recent efforts to address this gap, as well as a concomitant call for increasing attention to ensuring internship training, as with academic training in applied psychology more generally, is evidenced-based (Callahan & Watkins, 2018a; Callahan & Watkins, 2018b).
Increased Business Value for Positive Job Attitudes during Economic Recessions: A Meta-Analysis and SEM Analysis
Published in Human Performance, 2020
James K. Harter, Frank L. Schmidt, Sangeeta Agrawal, Stephanie K. Plowman, Anthony T. Blue
A global attitude-engagement construct provides the best prediction of overall performance of business units. Also, of benefit to business leaders and human resources professionals is that the global attitude-engagement construct can be operationalized in different formats. Findings from this study, for example, illustrate that a reflective measure or a short composite of formative facets can capture the global construct and effectively explain performance. Further work needs to be done to examine the causal effects of reflective vs. formative measures. One study suggested that formative measures were stronger leading indicators of future performance, whereas reflective measures had a more reciprocal relationship (Harter et al., 2010). The existence of a global job attitude-engagement construct is also an important development for the management sciences. General acceptance of a global attitude-engagement construct by academic researchers can lead to more rapid accumulation of studies providing insights that otherwise would exist in partial form in separate research streams of studies of narrower attitude constructs. A focus on measurement of a higher-order job attitude construct has great potential utility for organizations because the higher-order construct can be assessed using different methods and measures. The benefits for the field of applied psychology are an increase in both parsimony and cumulative research findings. Both of these are critical goals and values in science.
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