The Impact of Technology on Mental Health
Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel in Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, 2019
These are also known as affective disorders or depressive disorders. Patients with these conditions have significant changes in mood, generally involving either mania (elation) or depression. Examples of mood disorders include: Major Depression – the individual is no longer interested in and does not enjoy activities and events that they previously liked. There are extreme or prolonged periods of sadness.Bipolar Disorder – previously known as manic-depressive illness, or manic depression. The individual switches from episodes of euphoria (mania) to depression (despair).Persistent Depressive Disorder – previously known as dysthymia, this is mild chronic (long term) depression. The patient has similar symptoms to major depression but to a lesser extent.Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) – a type of major depression that is triggered by a lack of daylight. It is most common in countries far from the equator during late autumn, winter, and early spring.
Communication Skills in Palliative Care
Margaret O’Connor, Sanchia Aranda, Susie Wilkinson in Palliative Care Nursing, 2018
Psychological distress in persons with terminal illness is a significant clinical problem. If the concerns of such people remain hidden, distress can be manifested as a more serious affective disorder. Such affective disorders can include a spectrum of depressive, anxiety, adjustment, and grief reactions. Among cancer patients, for example, studies have consistently indicated that about 30% of people experience an affective disorder as a result of diagnosis and/or treatment (Derogatis et al. 1983; Razavi et al. 1990). The risk of developing an affective disorder appears to be positively correlated with the complexity of treatment interventions, adverse side-effects, and various unidentified concerns (Devlen et al. 1987). ‘About 30% of cancer patients experience an affective disorder as a result of diagnosis and/or treatment.’
Mental retardation
Ben Green in Problem-based Psychiatry, 2018
Failing to make the correct diagnosis of a mental illness and attributing abnormal speech and behaviour to the mental retardation itself may lead to a person not receiving the necessary and correct treatment for his or her illness. Drug treatment in this population is just as useful as in any other. The presentation of the illness may be modified by the degree of mental impairment, however. Affective disorders may present in terms of increased or reduced motor activity, rather than specific complaints of sadness or elation. Altered eating and sleeping patterns, sexual indiscretions, mood lability, self-harm and attacks on others may all be signs. Schizophrenia may present with bizarre behaviour, poverty of thought, thought blocking, mannerisms and preoccupation with internal fantasy (although care is needed to distinguish this from normal fantasy). Various organic processes can overlie the original mental retardation. Cognitive decline in a Down’s person must raise the suspicion of a superimposed dementia. Epilepsy (or antiepileptics!) may cause confusional states. Self-harm may be a manifestation of out-of-control phenylketonuria.
HIV-related stigma and psychological distress in a cohort of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria
Published in AIDS Care, 2023
Bentley Akoko, Susan Regan, Ifeoma Idigbe, Oliver Ezechi, Leslie J. Pierce, Zaidat Musa, Prosper Okonkwo, Kenneth A. Freedberg, Aima A. Ahonkhai
Our analysis revealed several independent predictors of clinically significant distress at 12 months. Females had two-fold increased odds of distress compared to males. This is similar to findings both in the region and more broadly and may reflect more generalized differences in the prevalence of affective disorders (Albert, 2015; Basha et al., 2019; Ofovwe & Ofovwe, 2013). In addition to female sex, increasing age was also a predictor of psychological distress. Each 10-year increase in age was associated with a 35% increase in the odds of being distressed. As people get older, they are more likely to develop age-related comorbid non-communicable diseases. A possible explanation for the higher likelihood of distress in older patients could be the higher frequency of comorbidities in older patients (Allavena et al., 2018; Wing, 2016). Being married appeared to be protective against psychological distress. Married individuals had 70% reduced odds of significant psychological distress compared to their unmarried peers, highlighting the critical role of social support for psychological outcomes among PLWH (Ofovwe & Ofovwe, 2013; Olagunju et al., 2012).
Epigenetic modulation: Research progress on histone acetylation levels in major depressive disorders
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Yuan Meng, Juan Du, Ning Liu, Yuanyuan Qiang, Lifei Xiao, Xiaobing Lan, Lin Ma, Jiamei Yang, Jianqiang Yu, Guangyuan Lu
Depression, or depressive disorder, is one of the most severe mental illnesses and a common multi-cause disease. It presents a variety of symptoms and signs, including physical aspects such as sleep disturbance, changes in appetite, fatigue, psychomotor retardation, and agitation, as well as feelings of worthlessness, guilt, inattention, self-harm thoughts, and even suicidal tendencies. The onset, progression, and outcome of depression are all influenced by biological, psychological, and social variables, although the exact aetiology is still unknown. It is characterised by its high morbidity, disability, suicide, and recurrence rates, and is known as the ‘first psychological killer’. Mood or affective disorders refer to a set of clinical symptoms based on depressive mood and self-situation, with depression being their primary symptom. Depression is one of the main global sources of illness burden and a significant public health issue [1]. According to the latest statistics released by the World Health Organisation, more than 300 million people (an estimated 322 million people, 4.4%) have depression worldwide [2, 3], and this number has increased by more than 18% between 2005 and 2015. A recent report from the China Mental Health Survey showed that the lifetime prevalence of depressive disorder in China was approximately 6.9%, and the lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder was approximately 3.9%, with women being more commonly affected than men (2.5% and 1.7%, respectively) [4].
Personality and Authenticity in Light of the Memory-Modifying Potential of Optogenetics
Published in AJOB Neuroscience, 2021
Przemysław Zawadzki, Agnieszka K. Adamczyk
A major disadvantage of behavioral methods is that their effects are often temporary and unreliable, as shown by several independent attempts to translate laboratory findings into clinical practice (Phelps and Hofmann 2019). Extinction training is a laboratory model for exposure therapy, during which a patient suffering from some form of anxiety disorder is repeatedly exposed to cues or situations that evoke fear in order to gradually reduce it and replace a fear-related memory with a new extinction memory. However, when the fear memory starts to dominate the extinction memory, the fear may return (Bouton and Nelson 1998; Vansteenwegen et al. 2005). Behavioral memory updating is a type of modification of fearful memory that relies upon updating it with non-fearful information that is introduced upon memory retrieval during the reconsolidation window. Although this approach currently seems to be the most promising type of treatment for various affective disorders, it is not resistant to spontaneous recovery/relapse (Phelps and Hofmann 2019).
Related Knowledge Centers
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