Pet problems
Clive R. Hollin in An Introduction to Human–Animal Relationships, 2021
In the clinical literature the distinction is drawn between acute stress and chronic stress. Acute stress may be thought of as a normal physical and psychological reaction to a highly aversive event, such as an accident, a bereavement, or a threat to the person. The acute stress reaction takes place immediately or within hours of the event. The individual's initial state of shock and disorientation is followed either by withdrawal from the situation or by agitation and symptoms of panic such as tachycardia and perspiration. In some cases, partial or complete amnesia for the episode may occur. The acute stress reaction subsides and expires within hours or days of the stressful event. In contrast, a chronic stress reaction may result when the acute stress does not dissipate or if the cause of the stress remains present. The unmitigated combination of acute and chronic stress may culminate in post-traumatic stress disorder (Bryant et al., 2017).
Managing difficult patients: Their pain and yours
Marian Stuart, Joseph Lieberman in The Fifteen Minute Hour, 2018
We want to be absolutely clear as to what constitutes effective stress management. The first prerequisite for managing stress is to become aware that one is experiencing tension. This can be done by gently scanning areas of the body where tension is usually felt—for example, between the shoulder blades, at the neck, temples, or in the lower back. Or patients can use a cue, such as rapid heart beat. The overt symptoms that mark acute stress are rapid and shallow breathing, muscle tension, and racing thoughts. Therefore, stress management consists of deliberately taking slow, deep breaths, relaxing the muscles, and modifying the thought process. As mentioned earlier, diaphragmatic breathing and progressive muscle relaxation are easily learned techniques that only require brief daily practice over a period of perhaps two weeks to be mastered (see Table 7.1).
Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Concussion
Rolland S. Parker in Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
Acute stress has been defined as an increase in stress-responsive physiological parameters for a period from minutes to hours, while chronic stress persists for several hours a day for a number of days or even months (Dhabar & McEwen, 2001). It is useful to differentiate between the experience of fright (PTSD), and the adaptive response to injury and impairment (stress). While PTSD was first studied after extended exposure (wartime exposure for both combatant or civilians; concentration camp inmates), our focus here is based upon a momentary overwhelming experience (i.e., an accident) that is often followed by a chronic stressor (recovery period). The stress effects of an accident overlap with the more chronic exposure. PTSD or its variants may persist indefinitely even without somatic injury. Additional significant stress (emotional, adaptive, or medical) is often initiated by the consequences of the primary stressor (i.e., an accident), so that a secondary stressor exists that is persistent, increases discomfort, and presents a health hazard to the patient. The combined concussive stress response can persist for years and involves a variety of physiological functions, subjective reactions, and overt behavioral responses and restitutive maneuvers.
Stress and social isolation, and its relationship to cardiovascular risk in young adults with intellectual disability
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Clara C. Zwack, Rachael McDonald, Ainura Tursunalieva, Shradha Vasan, Gavin W. Lambert, Elisabeth A. Lambert
Broadly speaking there are two kinds of stress, each with different physiological and psychological effects. Acute stress is when stress is experienced for a short period of time- for example an argument with a loved one, being stuck in a traffic jam or receiving criticism from an employer. Chronic stress results from repeated exposure to stressors such as a relationship break-down, job strain [15]1, loneliness and social isolation. Long-term chronic exposure to stress has been related to a 40–60% excess risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD) [16]. Stress produces many physiological changes, some of which may contribute to the development of CVD. Stress reactivity to everyday events activates both the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), sympathoadrenal (SA) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. This in turn leads to mobilisation of stored energy, increased heart rate and peripheral vasoconstriction, and multiple other physiological effects [17].
Success of in vitro fertilization and its association with the levels of psychophysiological stress before and during the treatment
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2021
Nathália Karen Maia Bezerra, Ana Cecília de Menezes Galvão, Nathalia Evelyn Martins Leite, Adriana Leão Barbalho Sant’anna, Mychelle de Medeiros Garcia Torres, Maria Cecília Galvão Pinto Coelho, Victor Kenji Medeiros Shiramizu, Maria Bernardete Cordeiro de Sousa, Nicole Leite Galvão-Coelho
In addition to high CAR, patients who had failure in IVF treatment also had higher levels of anxiety-state than those who became pregnant. Moreover, patients who had upper levels of anxiety also showed symptoms of acute stress. Other studies also observed great levels of anxiety in women who had a negative outcome in IVF treatment (Csemiczky et al., 2000; Demyttenaere et al., 1998; Hosaka et al., 2002; Karlidere et al., 2008; Terzioglu et al., 2016). Anxiety can change immunological functions and thus may negatively modulate the early development of pregnancy (Demyttenaere et al., 1991). For example, there is a negative correlation between anxiety levels and the beta-transforming factor (TGF-β), a cytokine that promotes immune tolerance and is essential for embryo implantation (Haimovici et al., 2018).
Validity of the Trier Social Stress Test in studying discrimination stress
Published in Stress, 2021
Kate Keenan, Johnny Berona, Alison E. Hipwell, Stephanie D. Stepp, Madelaine T. Romito
The current study had several notable strengths. First, the study recruited a large, diverse sample of participants drawn from a population-representative cohort study. This design facilitated greater statistical power to examine between-group differences and bolster confidence in the external validity of findings. Second, we examined acute stress reactivity. Prior studies focused on more global assessments that characterize relatively baseline levels of biological systems and have found mixed results regarding the presence and direction of between-group differences. In the context of a laboratory stressor, we are able to characterize patterns of reactivity in stress response systems that may be more proximally related to health disparities outcomes than baseline functioning. Third, this study examined both objective and self-report measures of reactivity. This approach provides a more rigorous test of hypotheses by allowing us to examine response concordance across indices.
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