Environmental Factors Impacting Bioactive Metabolite Accumulation in Brazilian Medicinal Plants
Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio in Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
In order to tolerate temperature variations, plants have developed adaptive mechanisms. These organisms can coordinate specific responses to the different components of abiotic stress, that include accumulation of sugar or compatible solutes, changes in membrane composition, synthesis of dehydrin-like proteins, synthesis of chaperones and increase of antioxidant capacity (Bita and Gerats, 2013). The response of the different classes of secondary metabolites is variable, depending on the magnitude of temperature variation, degree of exposure and species analyzed. In general, the production of volatile oils seems to increase at higher temperatures, although very hot days can lead to an excessive loss of these metabolites (Gobbo-Neto and Lopes, 2007). Total phenolic content in leaves of Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. diminished in warmer months of the cerrado (Brazilian savannah), in part possibly due to photosynthetic limitations (Sampaio et al., 2011).
Future Prospects for Cereal and Legume Production
Bill Pritchard, Rodomiro Ortiz, Meera Shekar in Routledge Handbook of Food and Nutrition Security, 2016
Farmers adopted modern semi-dwarf wheat cultivars more rapidly than any other technological innovation in the history of agriculture. These cultivars now cover about 90 per cent of the area in the developing world (Shiferaw et al. 2013). However, the benefits of the Green Revolution have not been even. Farmers in diverse, risk-prone areas could not take advantage of standardized packages of practices and, at the same time, better-off farmers in the irrigated areas have been facing stagnating grain yields and environmental problems such as increased salinity. Demand for wheat is projected to increase 60 per cent by 2050 (Nelson et al. 2010). One of the key challenges is to replace these cultivars with new ones that show host plant resistance to various pathogens and pests, and adaptation to abiotic stresses such as drought and heat. The main detrimental effects of abiotic stress in wheat growing environments will increase due to climate change. Wheat in developing countries is expected to suffer most among major crops from rising temperatures (particularly night time temperatures) in low-latitude countries (Ortiz et al. 2008). Among all wheat diseases, rust is the most damaging. The emergence of the stem rust Ug99 strain in East Africa and its spread to other countries in Africa and Asia demonstrates the challenge of combating rust diseases.
Biotechnological Studies of Medicinal Plants to Enhance Production of Secondary Metabolites under Environmental Pollution
Azamal Husen in Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Several reports have suggested that biotic and abiotic stress conditions, such as temperature, cold, salinity, light intensity, microbial attack, and many more, can result in changes at the gene or protein level of affected plants, thus altering the metabolite pool of plants (Szathmáry et al. 2001; Loreto and Schnitzler 2010). This results in increased activity of enzymes that play an important role in the secondary metabolism in plants. For example, the enzyme activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS) involved in flavonoid synthesis is affected during environmental stress. The synthesis of specific secondary metabolites in the plants is highly regulated and produced in either a tissue-specific or developmental phase-specific or environmental factor-specific or species-specific manner (Osbourn et al. 2003).
Evaluation of mature miR398 family, expression analysis and the post-transcriptional regulation evidence in gamma-irradiated and nitrogen-stressed Medicago sativa seedlings
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Mohammed Javed, Anshika Sinha, Lata Israni Shukla
The normal growth of sessile plants requires their sustenance under various biotic and abiotic stress which is associated with the formation of free radicals. The ionization radiation-induced responses in plants are an important area of research (Esnault et al. 2010). The increase in the damage caused by the radiation and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) could be used to quantify the damage. The ROS-related enzymatic antioxidant responses include superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase are also reported for radiation damage (Caverzan et al. 2016). Several environmental stress factors act simultaneously on plants causing an imbalance in the ROS production and its detoxification, leading to oxidative stress (Miller et al. 2010; Li et al. 2017). Biotic stress which includes interaction with microbes and other pathogens and abiotic stress such as nutrient stress, salt stress, drought stress, radiation stress often leads to oxidative burst (Zhu et al. 2011).
Phytochemical composition, cytotoxicity, antioxidant and antimicrobial responses of Lavandula dentata L. grown under different levels of heavy metals stress condition
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Souhila Terfi, Zineb Djerrad, Soumeya Krimat, Fatma Sadi
Stress in plants, which adversely affect metabolic process, growth and productivity of plants, refers to a wide range of environmental conditions, categorized as biotic and abiotic stress. The biotic stress includes the impact of various living organisms such as fungi, bacteria, virus, insects and herbivores, and the abiotic one includes radiation, salinity, scarcity of nutrients, CO2 concentration, floods, drought, extremes in temperature and heavy metals (Zhu 2002, Verma et al. 2013, Sah et al. 2016).
Copper oxide (CuO) and manganese oxide (MnO) nanoparticles induced biomass accumulation, antioxidants biosynthesis and abiotic elicitation of bioactive compounds in callus cultures of Ocimum basilicum (Thai basil)
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2021
Saher Nazir, Hasnain Jan, Gouhar Zaman, Taimoor Khan, Hajra Ashraf, Bisma Meer, Muhammad Zia, Samantha Drouet, Christophe Hano, Bilal Haider Abbasi
Plants usualy produce stress enzymes such as SOD, POD, Ascorbate peroxidase and Catalses to cope with oxidative stress and scavenge free radicals generated by biotic and abiotic stress [62]. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) are isozymes, distinguished by different physical and chemical properties and sequences of amino acids but they have the same catalytic reactions. . The knowledge about CuO and MnO nanoparticels role or effects on these enzymes is scares. Herein, the cultures were also investigated for SOD and POD enzyme activities, exposed to CuO-NPs and MnO-NPs. The optimum enzyme activities (SOD: 1.28 nM/min/mg FW and POD: 0.48 nM/min/mg FW) were recorded in cultures grown at 10 mg/L CuO-NPs. Cultures in response to 25 mg/L MnO-NPs were also found with significant enzymatic activities (Figure 3). However, with increasing concentrations of NPs, a sudden drop in enzymatic potential was observed. This sudden decrease in enzymatic activities could be the result of a decline in the capacity of cells to withstand the effect of ROS [63]. Plants also evolved a series of antioxidative defense processes that depend on the non-enzymatic and enzymatic mechanisms [64]. In plants, ROS act as a messenger for signalling in several physiological processes but cannot be fully scavenged. To cope with oxidative stress, plants can activate a set of antioxidant enzymes to detoxify excess ROS production [65]. SOD catalyses superoxide anion's dismutation to H2O2 and its stimulation may protect plants from oxidative harm [66]. Likewise, the key enzyme involved in H2O2 reduction is POD. The oxidative stress caused by NPs can be counterbalanced by the activation of enzymatic antioxidants. In the future, these improved enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions may also serve as a means for enhancing productivity in O.basilicum. Moreover, our findings are in accordance with previous reports where NPs application activated antioxidant enzymes in several plant species [67].
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