Nutritional Ergogenic Aids: Introduction, Definitions and Regulatory Issues
Ira Wolinsky, Judy A. Driskell in Nutritional Ergogenic Aids, 2004
Amino acid supplements are often viewed by the public as safe and natural alternatives for those individuals wishing to avoid many of the hormonebased supplements on the market today. Like many nutrition supplements marketed for ergogenic purposes (such as creatine, carnitine and glycerol), BCAA are found naturally in nutritional significant levels in the diet. Therefore, both food and supplementation should be considered together when designing research studies and developing recommendations for supplementation. BCAA are found in all protein-containing foods, but egg and poultry, meat and milk (particularly whey) have notable BCAA content (BCAA to total protein ratio). b-lactoglobulin, the most abundant whey protein, is leucine rich. Whey protein has become one of the most popular types of protein used in powders and high-protein sport bars and shakes. Among plant food sources, oats, soy, lentils and wheat germ have respectable leucine levels. Isoleucine is found in especially high amounts in meats, fish, cheese, most seeds and nuts, eggs, chicken and lentils. Important sources of valine include soy flour, cottage cheese, fish, meats and vegetables.
Maple syrup urine disease (branched-chain oxoaciduria)
William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop in Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
Patients also excrete the oxoacid products of the transamination of each of these amino acids (Table 19.2), consistent with the site of enzymatic block (see Figure 19.1) [15, 16, 74]. Isovaleric acid, α-methylbutyric acid, and isobutyric acid are not found. Among the amino acids, the concentration of leucine is virtually always higher than those of isoleucine and valine [3]. An exception was a variant patient described as valine-toxic [78]. Two other patients were unusual in that most of the branched chain oxoacids were derived from isoleucine [79, 80]. The oxoacid analogs of leucine and isoleucine are usually present in much higher quantities than the corresponding hydroxyacids. In contrast, 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid is usually present in much higher concentration than its oxoacid. Alloisoleucine is also regularly found [77]. This product of isoleucine accumulation was originally mistaken for methionine in the amino acid analyzer, creating some confusion in the management of early patients. The concentration of alanine in the plasma of these patients is decreased [14]. During illness as the leucine rises, the alanine falls. The molar ratio of leucine to alanine is a more sensitive measure than leucine alone, and may be useful in diagnosis or newborn screening [20]. In a series of 18 newborns with MSUD, the ratio was 1.3 to 12.4 (normal, 0.12–0.53).
Fungi and Water
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Concerning nutrition values, polysaccharides such as β-glucans and glycoproteins or polysaccharide-protein complexes are the two main constituents of wild or cultivated mushrooms, while the lipid content is low (5, 10, 13, 15–20). Chitin, glycogen, β-glucans, mannitol, and trehalose are typical carbohydrate constituents. Mushroom fruiting bodies, in general, on a dry weight basis, contain about 55% carbohydrate, 32% protein, and 2% fat, and the rest is minerals (10). They contain all essential amino acids for humans, including lysine, valine, leucine, and methionine whose levels are nutritionally favorable. Their nitrogen content may vary between 15–40% of dry weights, while, mushrooms contain more than 90% water and a very low quantity of fat and soluble sugars (10, 13, 15). Mushrooms are a rich source of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), water-soluble vitamins of group B (riboflavin or B2, niacin or B3, pantothenic acid or B5), and minerals (selenium, copper, phosphorus, zinc, magnesium, potassium, calcium). The vitamin D2 content of a mushroom depends on its exposure to sunlight. When exposed to sunlight or UVB light, even after harvesting, ergosterol (a provitamin D) in mushrooms is converted to vitamin D2 which is essential for the absorption of calcium (5, 10, 13, 15–20). However, the contents of omega-3 fatty acid, vitamin C, and sodium are negligible (10, 15). In addition, fibers are also present in this food. Fiber helps to lower cholesterol and is important for the digestive system. Mushrooms are very low in calories and fat, are cholesterol-free, and may be helpful to obese and hyperlipidemic people (10).
The causative variants of amyloidosis in the autism
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Mansoureh Akouchekian, Mitra Hakim Shooshtari, Hamed Heidary, Fateme Zahedi Abghari, Parisa Moeinian
Amyloids deposits in human body may cause various diseases such as amyloidosis and neurodegenerative disorder [11]. Previously the secretion of amyloid-β precursor protein-alpha form (sAPPa) in patients with mild-to-moderate autism was reported [12]. N-truncated amyloid-β causes the production of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation which leads to mitochondrial injury, contributing to abnormal neuronal function [13]. Detecting specific mitochondrial variants which cause excessive expression of β-amyloid in autistic children, is a great step in autism diagnosis and treatment. Previous studies showed that threonine amino acid plays an important role in amyloidosis [14]. There are at least 25 proteins to form the amyloid structure [15]. Which creates beta sheets, to make these sheets is an important step in amyloidosis. Theoretically valine is an amino acid that tends to create beta sheets [16]. In this study, variant that led to the replacement of leucine with valine was found. The main focus of our discussion is with regard to this variation.
Low dose-rate irradiation with [3H]-labelled valine to selectively target hypoxic cells in a human colorectal cancer xenograft model
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2018
Stine Gyland Mikalsen, Lars Tore Gyland Mikalsen, Joe Alexander Sandvik, Eva-Katrine Aarnes, Siri Fenne, Kjersti Flatmark, Heidi Lyng, Nina Frederike Jeppesen Edin, Erik Olai Pettersen
The ultra-low dose-rate irradiation must be delivered to the tumor continuously over several weeks. Our in vitro experiments suggest that [3H]-valine is well suited for continuous treatment since valine is an essential amino acid and the degree of labelling as well as the dose-rate to the nuclei could be well controlled. However, it is not clear if [3H]-valine can be used for ultra-low dose-rate irradiation in an in vivo model. In the present study, we aimed to asses if incorporation of [3H]-valine into protein could be used as a source of continuous low dose-rate irradiation in a xenograft model, we first assessed the in vitro response of the cancer cell line HT29 to the treatment with low dose-rate irradiation and intermittent hypoxia. We then measured turnover of [3H]-valine in a xenograft model, both to tumor and serum to determine the injection rate necessary to obtain a constant dose-rate to tumor.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress-related signature predicts prognosis and immune infiltration analysis in acute myeloid leukemia
Published in Hematology, 2023
Lu Dong, Haili Wang, Zefeng Miao, Yanhui Yu, Dongzheng Gai, Guoxiang Zhang, Li Ge, Xuliang Shen
Subsequently, we correlated 10 immune cells with significantly different distributions, 4 ESTIMATE scores, and the expression levels of 10 genes constituting the RS model. The results showed that the distribution of stromal, immune, and ESTIMATE scores in the high-risk group was higher than that in the low-risk group. However, TumorPurity in the low-risk group was higher than that in the high-risk group. TRIM25 positively correlated with Immune Score and negatively correlated with TumorPurity. Macrophage M2 positively correlated with PDIA4 but negatively correlated with CD4 + T-cell memory activation. Based on the GSVA quantitative KEGG analysis of genome-wide expression levels, 21 KEGG signaling pathways with significant differences among the different risk groups were identified. The results showed that PDIA4 was positively correlated with valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation signaling pathways. There was a negative correlation with mammalian circadian rhythm signaling pathway. Valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation play a key role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, nutrient metabolism, gut health, immunity, and disease in humans and animals. Genetic research related to the mammalian circadian rhythm signaling pathway has revealed that the circadian system is closely linked to the processes that control sleep and metabolism.
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