Diabetes
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson in Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
Type I diabetes, or insulin-dependent diabetes, occurs when the body does not sufficiently produce insulin. Type I diabetes is associated with autoimmune β-cell destruction, which usually leads to absolute insulin deficiency. Type II diabetes, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes, occurs when the body does not properly utilize insulin. Type II diabetes is characterized by a progressive loss of β-cell insulin secretion associated with insulin resistance. Whereas type II diabetes had historically been referred to as adult-onset diabetes, both type I and II diabetes are now observed in both adults and children. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and impaired fasting glucose (IFG), indicate the presence of elevated blood glucose levels above normal values but below the diagnostic threshold for diabetes. Labels such as prediabetes, non-diabetic hyperglycemia, and intermediate hyperglycemia are also used to classify these conditions.1
Complications of Diabetes and Role of a Citrus Flavonoid Nobiletin in its Treatment
Vikas Kumar, Addepalli Veeranjaneyulu in Herbs for Diabetes and Neurological Disease Management, 2018
Type 2 diabetes/non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)/adult-onset diabetes accounts for about 90–95% of the affected individuals. There is no destruction of β- cells of the pancreas and the individuals do not need insulin treatment to survive.3 A combination of resistance to insulin action and inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response exists which in the long run causes pathologic and functional changes in various target tissues without any pronounced clinical symptoms. Hyperglycemia develops gradually with time and frequently goes undiagnosed for many years before its detection.4 Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is a commonly used test to confirm the presence of impaired glucose tolerance whereby the degree of hyperglycemia reflects the severity of the underlying metabolic process and its treatment.5 Most patients with this form of diabetes are obese and have an increased percentage of body fat distributed predominantly in the abdominal region. Patients with type II diabetes are at an increased risk of developing macrovascular and micro-vascular complications of diabetes.6 Type II diabetes incidence increases with age and lack of physical activity along with obesity and is often associated with a strong genetic predisposition that is complex in nature and not clearly defined. Other specific types of diabetes exist and can be due to various other causes.
Medical Conditions and Diseases
Clete A. Kushida in Sleep Deprivation, 2004
Diabetes is a chronic disease involving an inability by the body to produce or use insulin, resulting in hyperglcemia. There are three different forms of diabetes: type I, type II, and gestational. In type I (juvenile) diabetes, the pancreas is unable to produce sufficient levels of insulin. In type II (late-onset) diabetes, insulin production is normal; however, the cells are unable to convert the glucose to energy. Type II diabetes is typically associated with obesity, and the incidence of this disorder is increasing as the proportion of people with obesity also increases. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy, and usually reverses following birthing; however, individuals are consequently at a greater risk for type II diabetes. Common symptoms of all three forms of diabetes include increased fatigue levels; increased hunger and thirst; increased frequency of urination; rapid weight loss; blurred vision; numbness in hands or feet; extended healing times for cuts and bruises; and dry, itchy skin.
Anti-hyperglycemic and genotoxic studies of 1-O-methyl chrysophanol, a new anthraquinone isolated from Amycolatopsis thermoflava strain SFMA-103
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Cheemalamarri Chandrasekhar, Hemshikha Rajpurohit, Kalpana Javaji, Madhusudana Kuncha, Aravind Setti, A. Zehra Ali, Ashok K. Tiwari, Sunil Misra, C. Ganesh Kumar
Diabetes mellitus (Type II) is a non-insulin dependent metabolic disorder mostly appears by genetically, adverse environmental factors or due to lifestyle changes. Presently, diabetes is addressed either by supplementing insulin or inhibiting the release of excess glucose into the plasma to maintain the glycated hemoglobin (HbAIC) (Kim et al.2014). However, in recent times, natural products were used as a popular remedy for diabetes mostly in Asian countries for their easy availability in various geographical locations. Most of these natural occurring metabolites are scientifically proven as potent anti-diabetic agents. Several bioactive compounds were isolated and reported from plants (Akpan et al.2012, Mukundi et al.2015, Mehenni et al.2016, Tafesse et al.2017) and fungal sources (Kim and Nho 2004, Kulkarni-Almeida et al. 2011, Pujiyanto et al.2012, Akshatha et al.2014, Singh and Kaur 2016, Indrianingsih and Tachibana 2017) exhibiting anti-hyperglycemic activity. Even natural compounds such as terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, quinines, phenylpropanoids, and steroids derived from plant or microbial sources were reported to exhibit anti-diabetic properties (Yin et al.2014).
A Low Body Fat Mass Ratio Predicts Poor Prognosis in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Zeynep Oruc, Ahmet Akbay, M. Ali Kaplan, İdris Oruç, Zuhat Urakçı, Mehmet Küçüköner, Abdurrahman Işıkdoğan
The fat mass ratio varies depending on the age, gender, ethnicity and comorbidities of patients. There are also other factors (delays in diagnosis and treatment, etc.) that can affect the fat mass ratio in cancer patients. Comorbidities contribute to a poor prognosis in NSCLC patients (30). However, in this study, a history of comorbidity was not proved to be a prognostic factor. The most common comorbidities included hypertension (20 patients, 10%); diabetes (12 patients, 6%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (12 patients, 6%) and coronary artery disease (9 patients, 4.5%). Comorbidities can also affect body composition. In particular, type II diabetes is associated with metabolically unfavorable changes in body composition. Nevertheless, there are very few studies evaluating the effect of comorbidities on body composition (31,32). In our study, there was no difference between the patients with the fat mass ratio ≤ 22% or > 22% in terms of comorbidity (Table 3).
Research progress of coumarins and their derivatives in the treatment of diabetes
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Yinbo Pan, Teng Liu, Xiaojing Wang, Jie Sun
Type II diabetes mellitus is one type of DM found in more than 90% of cases of DM and could be attributed to obesity, overweight and lack of physical activity, marked by pancreatic insulin release, when the body has not been trained to utilise insulin developed for glucose transfer, and the emergence of insulin resistance contributes to an increase of blood glucose or hyperglycaemia.88 Therefore, the insulin receptor is a potential target for screening the anti-diabetic ligand activity of insulin receptor activator, and it is a tyrosine kinase transmembrane receptor, which effectively participates in the regulation of glucose homeostasis through phosphorylation of insulin binding89–92. A total of 54 coumarin chalcone hybrids were synthesised by the famous Biginelli synthesis, Pechmann condensation, acetylation and Claisen-Schmidt reaction. Compared with diabetic rats treated with metformin (100 mg/kg b.d), further treatment with 80 and 81 at 30 mg/kg b.d. showed that MDA in pancreas and liver tissue of diabetic rats decreased significantly and moderately, while SOD and GSH rates increased89 (Figure 21).
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