Understanding the Metabolomics of Medicinal Plants under Environmental Pollution
Azamal Husen in Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Inside the cell, the concentration of Cd rises, and Cd binds directly to the phytochelatin synthase enzyme, activating it and stimulating phytochelatin production from Glutathione (GSH). The Cd-PCs complexes are then generated and delivered to the vacuole via tonoplast via ABC transporters. The Cd-PCs complex dissociates once it enters vacuoles. PC can be eliminated by the hydrolase enzyme found in vacuoles, or it can be restored to the cytosol. Metallothionein, like PCs, has metal-binding sites. Metallothioneins (MTs) are formed as a result of mRNA translation. An increase in heavy metal content increases the expression of the MTs gene. When MTs attach to cadmium, it detoxifies and maintains cytosolic homeostasis. Furthermore, MTs induce GSH production, which is vital in phytochelatins. Only a few heavy metals are important micronutrients for human health. In a recent study, Ocimumbasilicum was found to be suitable for phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil, which was enhanced when the plants were given different types of fertilizers (Zahedifar et al., 2015). According to Rai et al. (2004), Ocimumtenuiflorum L. can withstand phytotoxicity of Cr by modifying multiple metabolic pathways ever, both of which are harmful to cells when present at excessive levels. Table 11.2 lists some examples of plants whose metabolic processes can aid in heavy metal removal.
Essential Oils and Volatiles in Bryophytes
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Among the bryophytes, the liverworts are an extremely rich source of terpenoids and other volatiles; however, a few mosses and hornworts are also known to produce such kinds of components. A number of bryophytes are known to emit volatile terpenoids and simple aromatic compounds when crushed (Asakawa, 1982, 1995; Asakawa et al., 2013b;c). In case of liverworts, the characteristic odor is associated with constituents of oil bodies. Oil bodies occur only in liverworts and are unique intracellular organelles bound by unit membranes that are structurally asymmetric like the tonoplast and are filled with osmiophilic globules suspended in a matrix of carbohydrates and proteins (Figure 21.2) (Suire, 2000).
Lingual Lipase
Margit Hamosh in Lingual and Gastric Lipases: Their Role in Fat Digestion, 2020
The structure of von Ebner’s glands, in the rat58 and human,55, 86 has been investigated by light and electronmicroscopy techniques. Studies in the rat have shown that von Ebner’s gland has similar cytological features to other exocrine glands such as the pancreas and parotid gland.87, 90 Von Ebner’s gland has an abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) — transitional elements of the ER in close association with numerous small vesicles of the Golgi region — a condensing vacuole with an irregular bounding membrane and content of variable density, and numerous dense, membrane bounded secretory granules located in the apical two thirds of the acinar cell58 (Figures 5 and 6). The electron-opaque secretory granules are homogenous, finely granular, membrane-bounded, ranging in size from 500 to 1700 nm. The cells contain numerous mitochondria scattered throughout the cell or aligned along the cell membranes. Each acinus contains a lumen and numerous intercellular canals (Figure 7). Conditions that stimulate secretion (such as fasting and refeeding or pilocarpine administration) lead to fusion of the granule membranes with the cell membrane of the secretory surface. Fusion of the membranes of adjacent granules produces a string of connected granules in the cell (Figures 8 and 9). Fusion of granules to each other is not seen in unstimulated cells.58 The ducts58 are similar in structure to the intercalated ducts of the major salivary glands.88, 89 No portions of the ducts correspond to the striated ducts of the major salivary glands. Nerve endings are rarely seen in contact with duct cells.58 Nerve processes were, however, found adjacent to acinar cells or myoepithelial cells.
Mechanism of long-term toxicity of CuO NPs to microalgae
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2018
Xingkai Che, Ruirui Ding, Yuting Li, Zishan Zhang, Huiyuan Gao, Wei Wang
HRTEM image of Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. (A) and (I) are 100mg/L CuO NPs-treated microalgal cells of Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp., respectively. (B) and (J) are the enlarged from A and I, respectively. (C) and (K) are electron diffraction pattern from A and I that marked with blue square frame, respectively. (D) and (L) are the enlarged from B and J that marked with green square frame, respectively. The black particles in image D and L were further analyzed using HRTEM and showed in (E) and (M), respectively. (E) and (M) are FFT of selected area in E and M, respectively. (G) and (O) are the enlarged from B and J that marked with red square frame, respectively. The black particles in image G and O were further analyzed using HRTEM and showed in (H) and (P), respectively. (h) and (p) are FFT of selected area in H and P, respectively. (F) and (N) are EDS-analyzed results from the area marked red square frame in panels B and J, respectively. Chl: chloroplast; N: nucleus; C: cytoplasm; V: vacuole; CW: cell wall.
Surface-modified vacuole-based daunorubicin delivery system for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and their selective therapeutics
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2022
Wooil Choi, Yang-Hoon Kim, Jiho Min
In the common eukaryotic lysosome or vacuole, membrane proteins are made with signal sequences that target them at the endoplasmic reticulum, and then sorted in the Golgi region away from proteins destined for the cell surface [4]. For this reason, control of the expression of proteins on the vacuolar membrane is believed to help regulate trafficking pathways into the vacuole. We construct the backbone vector with the purpose of expressing foreign proteins on the vacuolar outer membrane. Among a wide range of vacuolar membrane proteins, vacuolar membrane ATPase 11 (VMA11) was used to construct the vector that can express interest peptide on the outer membrane of the vacuole. VMA11 protein has an N- and C-terminal localised in the vacuolar lumen. Rearrangement of the VMA11 protein can exhibit the N- and C-terminal positions [5,6].
Phagocytosis: Phenotypically Simple Yet a Mechanistically Complex Process
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2020
The lipid kinase PIKfyve mediated synthesis of PtdIns(3,5)P2 depletes PtdIns(3)P from the early phagosome, which promotes its transition from early phagosome to the late-stage phagosome [314,317]. The inhibition of PIKfyve delays the removal of PtdIns(3)P that reduces the acquisition of lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein-1 (LAMP-1 or CD107a) and cathepsin D [314]. Along with PIKfyve, PTEN also controls phagosomal PtdIns(3)P metabolism [317]. PtdIns(3,5)P2 also activates TRPML1/MCOLN1, which releases Ca2+ from lysosomes to facilitate the formation of phagolysosome [313]. PIKfyve also helps to recover nutrients during the degradation of phagosomal cargo, including the apoptotic cells [318]. PIKfyve also regulates the vacuole size via downstream effector called TRPML1 along with acidification of phagolysosome and nutrient recovery without affecting Ca2+ levels [318,319]. Furthermore, in neutrophils, PIKfyve is crucial for chemotaxis and ROS production through activating Rac GTPases [318]. Thus, the mechanisms involved in the phagosome formation and maturation are very complex and are regulated by several factors.
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