Portal hypertension
Mohammad Ibrarullah in Atlas of Diagnostic Endoscopy, 2019
Large gastric varices appear like “a bunch of grapes.” Small varices should be differentiated from mucosal folds and prominent submucosal veins. Portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) is most often an incidental finding in patients of portal hypertension. In
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Carlos H. Lifschitz in Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 2002
The chronic inflammation of UC remains confined to the mucosal lining of the colon in a continuous manner (Figs. la and 2a). The disease begins in the rectum and proceeds proximally to a varying but homogeneous extent in all cases unless treatment (systemic or topical) is administered (1). Histologically, acute (neutrophils, eosinophils) and chronic (lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes, macrophages) inflammatory cell infiltrates of mucosa are seen, as well as crypt abscesses, distortion of the mucosal glands, and goblet cell depletion. Except in rare cases with toxic megacolon, the inflammation does not extend into the submucosa, muscularis propria, or serosa.
Oedema, Haemorrhage and Thrombosis
Jeremy R. Jass in Understanding Pathology, 2020
The natural philosophers of ancient Greece believed that ‘pneuma’ (roughly equivalent to spirit or air) was endowed with the properties of life and intelligence. Oedema describes the abnormal collection of fluid within the extracellular compartment. Such collections will occur within the body cavities (as effusions in the pleural and pericardial cavities or ascites in the peritoneal cavity), within loose and relatively acellular connective tissue (dermis of skin, subcutaneous tissue or submucosa of gut), within the brain or within the alveolar spaces of the lungs. When swollen oedematous tissue is viewed microscopically, one sees only a widening of the clear space between cells. Pulmonary congestion and oedema is caused by left heart failure, but is most marked when there is stenosis (narrowing) of the mitral valve resulting in compensatory work hypertrophy of the muscular wall of the left atrium.
Histopathological Examination of Wild American Eels Infected with
Published in Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 2006
Mark Sokolowski, Alistair D. Dove
We describe for the first time the histopathology caused in wild American eels Anguilla rostrata by the introduced nematode Anguillicola crassus. All of the American eels examined showed signs of previous or ongoing infections with A. crassus. Gross observations included opacity of the normally translucent swim bladder and dilation of blood vessels. The swim bladders of infected American eels showed focal, multifocal, and diffuse histological changes. Consistently observed pathologies included abnormal papillose appearance of the mucosa; hyperplasia of the lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, and submucosa; edema of the mucosa and muscularis mucosa; dilation of the blood vessels; and damage in the submucosa caused by migrating A. crassus L3 and L4 larvae. Less-common pathologies included fibrosis and lymphocytic aggregates around L3 and L4 larvae in the submucosa; destruction of the mucosa, which in some cases completely exposed the mucosal blood vessels; L2 larval penetration of the tissues of the swim bladder; bacterial infections in the submucosa and muscularis mucosa; and migration of an L4 larva through the rete mirabile.
Tympanosclerosis of the Ear Drum
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 1981
15 specimens from tympanosclerotic ear drums were studied by scanning electron microscope. Comparative studies were made in 5 normal ear drums and in 21 specimens from ear drums in secretory otitis media. Calcification of the ear drum affected mainly the fibrous layer. the submucosa seemed stiff with congested vessels. the degeneration and calcification in the fibrous layer started medially near the submucosa, involving the inner circular fibres first. Signs of regeneration were seen, with fibrocyte-like cells producing fibrils.
Nerve Endings in the Epithelium and Submucosa of Human Epiglottis
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 1994
Ramon Villaverde, Luis M. Pastor, Alfonso Calvo, Antonio Ferrán, Carlos Sprekelsen
An electron-microscopic study of the sensory innervation of human epiglottis was undertaken. The nerve supply of this structure was abundant; numerous free unmyelinated nerve endings of 2.5–3 µm were observed in the stratified epithelium of the epiglottis associated with clear cells containing mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules and dense-cored granules. The nerve and cell complex resembled a corpuscular structure, probably of a quimiosensitive character. In the submucosa, unmyelinated nerves were observed which may come from deeper myelinated trunks, and some of them entered the epithelium. Encapsulated corpusles were also found in the submucosa. Four elements could be distinguished: nerve endings, lamellar cells, interlamellar substance, and capsule. Our observations at an ultrastructural level complete previous observations by means of light microscopy indicating that the epiglottis is a zone with an important innervation in the epithelium as well as in the submucosa. This sensory innervation probably bears a relation to reflexes, such as cough and deglution, to protect the airways.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Lymphatic Vessel
- Mucous Membrane
- Blood Vessel
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Nerve
- Loose Connective Tissue
- Human Gastrointestinal Tract
Current Research
- Clinical Trials (United States)
- Clinical Trials (Europe)
- Clinical Trials (Australia/New Zealand)
- Clinical Trials (India)
More Knowledge About This Topic
Publish your research
Click here to learn how to submit your research on this topic to Journal of Aquatic Animal Health.