Biology of microbes
Philip A. Geis in Cosmetic Microbiology, 2006
The key to identifying fungi is to observe their reproductive structures, the spores. In contrast to the bacteria and some protozoans, a fungal spore is a mechanism of reproduction. There are two types of asexual spores: (1) sporangiospores formed by successive cleavages within a sac-like head (sporangium) attached to a stalk; and (2) conidiospores. These spores are free and not enclosed by sacs, but still develop by segmentation of the vegetative hyphae. Conidiospores are found in a variety of forms: Arthrospores (rectangular; septate hypha fragment at the cross walls) Chlamydospores (spherical; hyphal cell thickens, fragments, and is released)Blastospores (produced by budding from a parent that can be either a yeast cell or another conidium)Phialospores (produced via budding of a spore-bearing structure called a phialide that looks like a vase with flowers on top of a conidiophore)Porospores (grow through small pores in spore-bearing cells)Microconidia and macroconidia (small and large conidia formed by the same fungus, depending on growth conditions).
SBA Answers and Explanations
Vivian A. Elwell, Jonathan M. Fishman, Rajat Chowdhury in SBAs for the MRCS Part A, 2018
Microorganisms can be classified into bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and parasites. Bacteria can be classified according to their: Staining properties: Gram-positive, Gram-negative, acid-fast, etc.Morphology: Round (cocci), rods (bacilli), spiral (spirochaetes), comma-shaped (vibrio), flagellated, possession of a capsule, etc.Oxygen requirements: Aerobic or anaerobic; obligate or facultative.Ability to form spores: Spore-forming or non-spore forming.
Inflammatory, Hypersensitivity and Immune Lung Diseases, including Parasitic Diseases.
Fred W Wright in Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Coccidioidomycosis (due toCoccidioides immitis - see Illus. COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS) is endemic in the arid regions of the south-western states of the USA (including California, Arizona and New Mexico). Paracoccidioidomycosis is found in Latin America and Brazil. The fungi have two forms: (a) in living tissues as spherules or a sporangium within which several endospores form, break out and grow into further spherules, and (b) a mycelial form which grows in the soil, on pieces of wood, cactus, etc. to form myriads of minute spores. The spores may pass into the air, be distributed by wind and be inhaled. The primary site of immitis infection is usually in the lung, but about 10 to 20% of patients develop bone and joint lesions which are mostly lytic. Those worst affected are usually Negroes, Mexicans and American Indians. It also affects wild and domestic animals.
Potential application of probiotics in mycotoxicosis reduction in mammals and poultry
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Alaleh Zoghi, Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov, Kianoush Khosravi-Darani
Reduced genotoxicity of fecal waters, collected from the experimental group of chickens receiving artificially AFB1 contaminated feed (1–5 mg/Kg) combined with a probiotic preparation (1010 CFU of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei LOCK 0920, Levilactobacillus brevis LOCK 0944, and L. plantarum LOCK 0945, 106 CFU of S. cerevisiae LOCK0140), was observed on human peripheral blood lymphocytes cell lines (Slizewska et al. 2010). When spore-forming microorganisms, Ba. subtilis ANSB060 was applied in a study concerning the egg quality and specific biochemical and histopathological changes in layers feed with AFB1-contaminated corn for the period of 6 weeks, and improved quality of eggshell strength was recorded. Moreover, supplementation with Ba. subtilis ANSB060 resulted in the improvement of the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and even in the recovery of protein synthesis in the liver. Moreover, the presence of Ba. subtilis ANSB060 also positively influenced the recovery from damage to liver and kidney tissue and restoration to normal organs status (Ma et al. 2012).
Isolation and characterization of a novel thermophile; Bacillus haynesii, applied for the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Suriya Rehman, B. Rabindran Jermy, Sultan Akhtar, J. Francis Borgio, Sayed Abdul Azeez, Vijaya Ravinayagam, Reem Al Jindan, Zainab Hassan Alsalem, Abdullah Buhameid, Adil Gani
We also demonstrated that CDL3 is an extremophile for its ability to grow in the presence of 0–12% NaCl, making it halotolerant and up to the temperature of 55 °C, making it thermotolerant. Extremophiles are known to survive in the extreme environments to which they had adapted to grow; indeed it goes in favor of CDL3, which is isolated from a desert plant, an inhabitant of extreme hot climate and water scarcity condition [43]. During the study of cultural characteristic, it is assumed that CDL3 has the ability of retaining water, when grown at 50 to 55 °C, which is evident from the moist colonies on agar plate (Figure 1(A)), hence, making it thrive in extreme conditions. The structural analysis of B. haynesii by electron microscopy is previously unknown. Analysis by TEM shows, the features of structural organization of the spore, which may correlate with its physical and biological characteristics including the ability to survive at extreme conditions [44].
Induced mutation in Agaricus bisporus by gamma ray to improve genetic variability, degradation enzyme activity, and yield
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Tayebeh Harfi, Motallebi-Azar Alireza, Rasouli Farzad, Zaare-Nahandi Fariborz
Agaricus bisporus is an extensively cultivated mushroom due to its important economic value and nutritional and medicinal attributes (Li et al. 2015; Valverde et al. 2015). Despite its extended history of classical and modern production along with high economic value, less effort is done in mushroom breeding (Sonnenberg et al. 2011), mainly due to the life cycle and the low variation of A. bisporus. In most of the commercial populations and wild species of white button mushrooms, the life cycle includes secondary homothallic in which two spores are produced in each basidium instead of four in the meiosis division. Each spore includes two different but compatible nuclei, named heterokaryon, each of which can produce its self-fertile mycelial network, and spores of different mushrooms can rarely cross, thus the possibility of producing recombination is very low (Song et al. 2000; Xu et al. 2002; Callac et al. 2003).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Endospore
- Multicellular Organism
- Ploidy
- Sexual Reproduction
- Meiosis
- Mitosis
- Zygote
- Biological Dispersal
- Biological Life Cycle
- Alternation of Generations