PerformLyte—A Prodosomed PL425 PEC Phytoceutical-Enriched Electrolyte Supplement—Supports Nutrient Repletion, Healthy Blood pH, Neuromuscular Synergy, Cellular and Metabolic Homeostasis
Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi in Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Sodium: Sodium and potassium exchange and equilibration in and around cells are regulated by the sodium–potassium pump; the enzyme involved is Na+/K+-ATPase.117,118,125 The major roles of sodium include (i) preservation of normal nerve and muscle functions, (ii) maintenance of the integral homeostatic properties of body fluids, (iii) regulation of blood pressure, and (iv) regulation of body fluids in cells and blood. On the other hand, the kidney maintains the ideal blood pH by regulating hydroxyl ion exchange onto CO2 to produce HCO3 [bicarbonate] and, off HCO3 to produce CO2 in a compensatory homeostatic counterbalancing to maintain the ideal blood pH at 7.4.118,125–128
The Role of Light and Electromagnetic Fields in Maintaining Vascular Health
Aruna Bakhru in Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
A hugely important protein, especially in the very active skeletal muscle cells and neurons, is the sodium-potassium ATPase pump (Na-K pump). This pump achieves multiple goals: (1) making sure there is a high ratio of potassium ions internally compared to the extracellular milieu, (2) making sure that the corresponding ratio for sodium is low, (3) making sure the cell is sufficiently polarized (maintaining the −70 millivolt drop across the membrane), and (4) making sure that the number of total buffering agents in solution in the interior is comparable to that in the exterior milieu. Item (4) is important because an imbalance will trigger the movement of water across the boundary to adjust for osmotic differences. If the cell pushes out too many ions compared to how many are drawn in, the ionic buffering in the cytoplasm will be too dilute, and this will cause water to leave the cell to reequilibrate the total concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane.
The development of hypertension in transgenic rats, TGR (mREN2)27
H. Saito, Y. Yamori, M. Minami, S.H. Parvez in New Advances in SHR Research –, 2020
Interestingly, studies on intact lymphocytes revealed elevated cytosolic sodium in TGR (mREN2) 27, compared with Sprague Dawley rats (TGR: 31.7 vs SDR: 18.2 mmol/L; Tepel et al., 1994). Furthermore, this was associated with reduced activity of the sodium/potassium ATPase (Tepel et al., 1994). Increased cytosolic sodium concentrations have been found in human primary hypertension, and also in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model of hypertension. Increased cytosolic sodium is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension via the subsequent elevation of intracellular calcium and hence, increased vasoconstriction.
Evaluation of the Presence and Functional Importance of Nucleoside Transporters in Lacrimal Gland for Tear Disposition of Intravenously Injected Substrate in Rabbits
Published in Current Eye Research, 2021
Hanuman Prasad Sharma, Nabanita Halder, Sundararajan Baskar Singh, T. Velpandian
The tear film is the first layer of protection working as a barrier between the external environment and the eye. It consists of three layers: superficial 0.1 μm thick lipid layer secreted by Meibomian glands, approximately 7 μm thick middle aqueous layer and innermost 0.02–0.04 μm thick mucinous layer secreted by conjunctival goblet cells.1,2 Most of the volume of the tear (~95%) is produced by the exocrine lacrimal gland,2 which is situated within the orbit in a superior temporal location.3 The ionic content of tears is known to be secreted through ion transporters and sodium-potassium ATPase (Na+/K+/ATPase). These transporters have been identified in the lacrimal gland of rats4,5 and rabbits.6,7 Sodium-potassium ATPase is an energy-driven ion channel that requires ATP for the exchange of Na+ and K+ ions through cellular membrane.8 Moreover, ATP is also required for the activation of P2X3 and P2X7 (membrane ion channels) receptors in lacrimal gland to increase intracellular calcium Ca2+ that stimulate protein secretion in the tears.9,10 Nucleosides and nucleobases are the precursors for the synthesis of ATP.11 Furthermore, nucleoside adenosine has been reported to modulate its receptors in the rabbit’s lacrimal gland.12
Cardiovascular benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
The cell membrane, composed of hydrophobic lipids, is impermeable to glucose. Accordingly, glucose transport across cell membranes is mediated by two families of transporters [1]: glucose transporters (GLUT), which operate by facilitated diffusion, and SGLT, which actively transport glucose by coupling with sodium. In the kidney, the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the proximal tubule cell utilizes ATP to send 3 sodium ions outward into the blood, while bringing 2 potassium ions inward. This movement in the proximal tubule cell produces a downhill sodium ion gradient from the outside to the inside. The SGLT proteins utilize the energy from this downhill sodium ion gradient to transport glucose across the apical membrane against an uphill glucose gradient [2]. Importantly, this process is saturable, leading to glycosuria when plasma glucose levels exceed 10.0–11.1 mmo/l (180–200 mg/dl), usually seen only in patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus [3]. Because of this, SGLT2 inhibitors do not cause hypoglycemia in those without diabetes mellitus, which is relevant to their use in patients without this diagnosis (Figure 1).
Evaluation of sodium orthovanadate as a radioprotective agent under total-body irradiation and partial-body irradiation conditions in mice
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Yuichi Nishiyama, Akinori Morita, Bing Wang, Takuma Sakai, Dwi Ramadhani, Hidetoshi Satoh, Kaoru Tanaka, Megumi Sasatani, Shintaro Ochi, Masahide Tominaga, Hitoshi Ikushima, Junji Ueno, Mitsuru Nenoi, Shin Aoki
Vanadate is also known to inactivate protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPase) (Gordon 1991) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) (Aureliano and Crans 2009). Our previous study compared antiapoptotic effect of vanadate in irradiated MOLT-4 cells with several PTPase inhibitors, and the results suggested that the suppression of radiation-induced MOLT-4 apoptosis of vanadate is not associated with its PTPase-inhibiting effect (Morita et al. 2006). Therefore, the inhibiting effect of vanadate may not a contributing factor to the lethalities of TBI and PBI. Sodium-potassium ATPase (Na+/K+-ATPase), transmembrane protein that is effectively inhibited by vanadate (Aureliano and Crans 2009; Jiang et al. 2018), plays a central role in water and glucose absorptions in the intestine. Lebrun et al. demonstrated the reduction of Na+/K+-ATPase activity in rats treated with 8 Gy-TBI (Lebrun et al. 1998), and loss of the activity could result in radiation malabsorptive diarrhea (MacNaughton 2000). Since weight gain, stool consistency, and survival rate showed no differences for 60 days between unirradiated mice treated with or without a single injection of 20 mg/kg vanadate (data not shown), the dose was considered to have no effect on physiological condition. Detailed studies are needed to examine the vanadate requirement sufficient to inactivate Na+/K+-ATPase in GI tissue and how the inactivation affect in the development of radiation GI syndrome.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Adenosine
- Animal
- Atpase
- Enzyme
- Potassium
- Sodium
- Transmembrane Protein
- Triphosphatase
- Electroreception & Electrogenesis
- Membrane