Gastrointestinal Function and Toxicology in Minipigs
Shayne C. Gad in Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
The pig’s oral mucosa consists of keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium and is more histologically similar to humans relative to other animal models (Herring et al. 2012, Thirion-Delalande et al. 2017). Adult minipigs teeth consist of three incisors, one canine, four premolar, and three molars (paired, mandibular, and maxillary). The minipig tongue occupies the majority of the oral cavity and is a muscular tissue covered with stratified squamous epithelium. While various shaped papillae cover the dorsal surface of the tongue, taste buds are located laterally and caudally within the circumvallate papillae and fungiform papillae (Herring et al. 2012). The minipig salivary glands consist of paired serous parotic glands, paired mixed (serous and mucous) submandibular gland, and paired (mostly mucous) sublingual glands. Both the parotid and submandibular glands of minipigs are similar in weight relative to human submandibular glands but have longer main ducts (Zhang et al. 2005, Herring et al. 2012). The serous fluid from parotid glands in minipigs consists of a combination of protein and electrolytes (Li et al. 2005, Gao et al. 2011, Zhu et al. 2016). Similar to humans, minipigs produce salivary amylase which aids in early carbohydrate digestion during mastication. The mucous production from the submandibular and sublingual glands aid in both lining the oral mucosa and food bolus for transit from the esophagus into the stomach.
Complications of open aortofemoral bypass
Sachinder Singh Hans, Mark F. Conrad in Vascular and Endovascular Complications, 2021
The most common complication is a seroma/lymphocele, which are terms often used interchangeably in both definition and treatment paradigm, though there is a slight difference. A seroma occurs when there is dead space and/or a reaction to a foreign body, such as the graft. The inflammatory response within the surrounding tissues leads to a transudate of serous fluid, which has a straw-colored appearance and consistency to similar pleural or peritoneal fluid. A lymphocele occurs specifically when lymphatic channels are not appropriately ligated or cauterized during dissection of the groin, resulting in a nonepithelialized collection of lymph. Clinically they can appear the same—a soft, ballotable bulge in the groin, usually without overlying skin changes. This can easily be distinguished from a hematoma as the hematoma appears more heterogeneous and dense on imaging, whereas a lymphocele or seroma appears cystic. A lymphatic fistula can develop if the lymphocele develops a cutaneous communication, manifesting as the drainage of crystal clear fluid from a small sinus, usually in the incision. The amount of fluid can be voluminous or only a few drops expressed with movement or manipulation depending on the size of the draining lymphatic channels.
Fluids: Their function and movement
Bernie Garrett in Fluids and Electrolytes, 2017
Synovial fluid is a transparent serous fluid that is secreted by the synovial membrane and is found in joint cavities, tendon sheaths, and bursae in the body and pleural cavities. It lubricates joints and is very similar to lymph. A joint's synovial membrane produces albumin and hyaluronic acid, which give the synovial fluid its viscosity and slickness. In addition, synovial fluid also delivers nutrients to the cartilage and removes waste from it. When a joint is at rest, the cartilage reabsorbs some of the synovial fluid. Then, when the joint is in use the synovial fluid is squeezed out of the cartilage to improve lubrication of the joint. Consequently, joint use is essential to circulating the synovial fluid throughout the joint.18
Lung, Liver and Skin Changes in an Infant with Positive Methamphetamine
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
Kunasilan Subramaniam, Hilma bt. Hazmi, Yong Swee Guan, Khairul Anuar bin Zainun
Post mortem examination showed an extensive erythematosus rash involving his lips, left ear, around his neck, extensor surface of his upper limbs and lower limbs, both antecubital fossa, bilateral axillae, inguinal, perineal, gluteal and lower back regions (Fig. 1). He was pale and dehydrated, but there were no visible injuries on his body. He was small for his age. His crown heel length was 61 cm (-3SD), his head circumference was 38 cm (<3rd centile), and he weighed 4650 g (<3SD). On the internal examination, the skin showed translucency due to loss of subcutaneous tissues. The chest cavities contained minimal serous fluid. His right lung weighed 41 g and left lung weighed 33 g (normal weight for lungs combined: 99.7–176 grams). The thymus has involuted. The liver was fatty (Fig. 2). Histologically, the lungs showed fibrinoid necrosis of arterial walls (Fig. 3), and pulmonary congestion, but no hemorrhage. No fibroid necrosis was apparent in other organs. The liver showed predominantly diffuse macrovesicular fatty changes (Fig. 4). Brain sections showed no edema or encephalitis. The histology section of the skin taken from the erythematosus area showed epidermal pallor, parakeratosis, and keratinocyte necrolysis. There was no inflammatory cells infiltration in the epidermis or dermis.
Intraperitoneal chemotherapy for ovarian cancer using sustained-release implantable devices
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2018
Smrithi Padmakumar, Neha Parayath, Fraser Leslie, Shantikumar V. Nair, Deepthy Menon, Mansoor M. Amiji
The space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum called the peritoneal cavity contains approximately 100 mL of serous fluid [42]. The fluid turnover rate is approximately 5ml/24h. This lubricant solution made of glycosaminoglycans and phospholipids reduces friction between the intra-abdominal organs and the abdominal wall, and favors free movement of abdominal viscera [43]. The peritoneum also helps in the host defense as well as resistance against intra-abdominal infections [40,44]. It also serves to store fat, especially in the greater omentum [39]. The total peritoneal blood flow ranges from 50 to 150 mL/min. The sub-diaphragmatic lymphatic system is reported to be responsible for around 80% of the lymphatic flow from peritoneal cavity. The transport of peritoneal fluid, removal of excess fluid as well as foreign substances/micro particulates from the peritoneal cavity also occur via the lymphatic system [45].
Choroidal detachments: what do optometrists need to know?
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2019
Martin Q Diep, Michele C Madigan
To reduce the risk of developing a post‐operative suprachoroidal haemorrhage, patients should be informed to avoid straining, excessive exercise, heavy lifting or Valsalva‐type manoeuvres until the serous detachment resolves, as these activities may increase episcleral venous pressure, causing an increased pressure gradient out of the capillaries into the suprachoroidal space.1999 In the presence of an associated retinal detachment, central retinal apposition, vitreous prolapse into the surgical wound, vitreous haemorrhage or retained cortical matter in the anterior chamber, an immediate referral to the ophthalmologist for drainage is warranted.1999 The drainage technique is similar to that described for serous fluid.2015 Studies into the management of post‐operative haemorrhagic detachments have focused on case reports, and a large proportion of authors advocate early surgical drainage of haemorrhages for maximal recovery of visual acuity. However, there has been a series of case reports that suggests not all patients require surgical intervention, and retention of pre‐haemorrhagic visual acuity may be possible through conservative management alone.1986