Epidemiology of fungal infections: What, where, and when
Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, John R. Perfect in Antifungal Therapy, 2019
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a yeast used in the food industry for beers, wines and bakery products, and it is also part of the normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and vaginal mucosa. Saccharomyces boulardii, which is now considered as a variety of S. cerevisiae, is used in probiotics for the prevention or treatment of antibiotic-related diarrhea. Saccharomyces fungemia has been increasingly reported during the last decade and has been associated with the use of probiotics [496]. In addition to translocation from the gastrointestinal tract, intravenous cather infection can also be a port of entry. Fungemia may occur in immunocompromised as well as immunocompetent patients. In a review of 60 cases of S. cerevisiae fungemia, 60% of patients were in the ICU, 71% were receiving enteral or parenteral nutrition, 93% had a central venous catheter and 88% were receiving broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy and the use of probiotics was reported for 46% [496]. In addition to fungemia, other clinical presentations of S. cerevisiae infections include: endocarditis, liver abscess, esophagitis, peritonitis, pneumonia or empyema, urinary tract infection and vaginitis [496,497]. The presence of antibodies to S. cerevisiae has also been associated with Crohn disease [498].
Perioperative Metabolic Therapies in Orthopedics
Kohlstadt Ingrid, Cintron Kenneth in Metabolic Therapies in Orthopedics, Second Edition, 2018
Simple use of preop and postop probiotics in doses of 10 million to 10 billion colony-forming units (CFU) Lactobacillus and Bifidobacter species/day for 1–2 weeks before and after surgery, in 8 of 12 randomized controlled trials, showed a significant reduction in bacterial infection rates in non-critically ill surgical patients.101 In clinical experience, 30–100 billion CFU are well tolerated and potentially more influential. The obese surgical patient is particularly at risk for local and systemic inflammation based on microbiota composition in the gut. They demonstate reduced bacterial diversity, a decreased Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, an increased abundance of potential proinflammatory Proteobacteria, and elevated fecal calprotecin (a measure of neurtrophil migration to the intestinal muscosa) and hsCRP, even in the absence of intestinal permeability.127 A recent RCT also demonstrated the influence of preop Saccharomyces boulardii in lowering intestinal inflammatory cytokines.128 In the future, greater research focus in this domain is inevitable as the influence of inflammation and oxidative stress on outcomes in the surgical arena becomes more evident.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
A S. cerevisiae strain, known as Saccharomyces boulardii, has been commercialized as a probiotic to treat antibiotic-related diarrhea since 1950, and as adjunctive therapy for diarrhea associated with Clostridium difficile. This strain was discovered in 1920 by Henri Boulard, a French microbiologist, in his search for new yeast strains in Indochina to be used in fermentative processes. As a visitor, he noticed that people who did not fall ill during a cholera outbreak at the time were drinking a special tea, which was made by taking the outer skin from tropical fruits and cooking them down to make tea. He succeeded in isolating the organism involved in this phenomenon, a peculiar yeast strain that he named S. boulardii.9 Despite its initial classification as a separate Saccharomyces species, recent studies have revealed high similarity between the S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae genomes, so that the two organisms should be regarded as conspecific.10
The mycobiota of the human body: a spark can start a prairie fire
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Di Zhang, Ying Wang, Sunan Shen, Yayi Hou, Yugen Chen, Tingting Wang
More and more studies show that mycobiota have the effect on human immune system. In early times, researchers found the benefits of Saccharomyces boulardii, a type of probiotic mycobiota, which can regulate the immune system against the invasion of C. difficile and relieve intestinal inflammation.148C.albicans was found to affect immune components such as TLR4, Dectin-1 and build patient defense in the gut and lung.165 There is also evidence that mycobiota regulate lymphocyte recirculation. Fungal flora can induce Raldh+ dendritic cells gathering in peripheral lymph nodes. Without this process, lymphocyte adhesion molecules (necessary in recirculation) would have no response. To survive under the surveillance of the immune system, apart from the help from Treg cells mentioned above, mycobiota could also accommodate immune sensitivity. C. albicans can activate the tolerance of macrophage and DCs increase the impression of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase. It is widely accepted that it can induce the enrichment of Treg cells and the depletion of Th17 cells. All of these may help mycobiota adapt to immunity better. In addition, the contribution of cytokines cannot be ignored, and TGF-β and IL-10 are used by Malassezia to avoid excessive inflammatory responses.156
The development of live biotherapeutics against Clostridioides difficile infection towards reconstituting gut microbiota
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Yongrong Zhang, Ashley Saint Fleur, Hanping Feng
The traditional probiotics, such as strains of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces have been suggested as dietary supplements for CDI.62 The mechanisms of probiotics against CDI are similar to FMT. A consortium of probiotics, including five Lactobacilli strains, two Bifidobacterium standard strains, and Bifidobacterium infantis obstructs the proliferation of C. difficile through affecting the diversity of gut microbiota and regulating SCFA production, eventually attenuating C. difficile colonization.63Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species have also been shown to colonize the intestine regardless of concurrent antibiotic use, competing with C. difficile for nutrition.64,65Saccharomyces boulardii was reported to lessen antibiotic induced microbiota shifts.66,67,68 In addition, S. boulardii produces a protease capable of digesting C. difficile toxins, which are etiologies of the disease, and modulates a host of inflammatory signaling pathways to inhibit toxin-induced inflammation.76–79
From the editors
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2018
2018 is reaching it’s end and I would like to thank you all for your interest in our journal. We have dedicated this last issue of the year to insights into experimental colitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In addition to original research manuscripts, we are pleased to bring a serious of review articles related to IBD. I would like to mention “Reflections on treatment of IBD in children and adolescent” by Dr. Veereman et. al., a “Review of Saccharomyces boulardii as a treatment option in IBD” by Kavitha Sivananthan and Andreas Munk Petersen. For a comprehensive overview of drug development within the IBD field we are also delighted to bring the review “Current, experimental and future treatments in inflammatory bowel disease: a clinical review” by Dr Hvas et al. We hope that you will enjoy our special issue and look forward to bring news in the continuously developing field of immunotherapies from basic to clinical research also in 2019 and beyond.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cholera
- Galactose
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- Lipopolysaccharide
- Phenotype
- Probiotic
- Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
- Yeast
- Crispr Gene Editing
- Mating of Yeast