Cenostigma pyramidale: Ethnomedicinal Properties and Perspectives on A Legume Tree Highly Adapted to Semiarid ‘Caatinga’ Region
Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa in Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
To date, there are few studies specifically on C. pyramidale genetics. A data mining carried out in August 2019 with the keywords ‘Cenostigma pyramidale OR Caesalpinia pyramidalis OR Poincianella pyramidalis AND Genetics’ in the PubMed database—one of the main for biomedical and life sciences journal literature—returned only seven publications (Table 11.1). A thorough analysis of these manuscripts revealed that only three addressed the mined theme, being associated with genetic and cytogenetic diversity analyzes. In addition to the small amount observed, the tools used in the available manuscripts also indicate that genetic studies of this species are incipient: two (Mendes et al. 2014, Belarmino et al. 2017) of the three manuscripts (Table 11.1) reported genetic diversity analyzes with the dominant marker RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA). The main advantage of RAPD is that it does not require prior knowledge of DNA sequences of the target species, which is consistent with the scientific status quo of C. pyramidale, actually lacking a sequenced genome. RAPD primers exhibit small size (generally 10 nucleotides) which increases the annealing possibility. Despite this advantage, their reproducibility is low, and the results may differ even between aliquots of the same sample at different dilutions, and especially among laboratories (revised by Nadeem et al. 2018).
Medicinal Plants: Future Thrust Areas and Research Directions
Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter in Medicinal Plants, 2023
Different types of markers like restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR), simple sequence repeats (SSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers are used for validation purpose in MAPs. DNA barcodes using second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region are used for discriminating medicinal plant species (Pang and Chen, 2014). RAPD analysis was used for evaluation of genetic relationships in several medicinal plant species. ISSR markers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity in many of the medicinal plants. Molecular markers can be employed to characterize any phenotypic trait, biochemical, and/or physiological mechanisms. The direct measurement of such traits can be simultaneously mapped. The number of loci controlling genetic variation of any important agronomic trait(s) in segregating population can be estimated, and the map positions of these loci in the genome be determined by means of molecular linkage genetic maps and QTL mapping technology.
A Survey of Newer Gene Probing Techniques
Victor A. Bernstam in Pocket Guide to GENE LEVEL DIAGNOSTICS in Clinical Practice, 2019
DNA polymorphisms can be characterized using amplification with arbitrary primers that, in distinction from conventional PCR, does not require specific sequence information, because it uses primers of arbitrary nucleotide sequences. These primers detect polymorphisms that are inherited in a Mendelian fashion, and can be used to construct genetic maps for DNA fingerprinting and other applications. The polymorphisms generated in this manner are termed random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. A significant advantage over other traditional methods is that nucleotide sequencing, hybridizations, and specific probes are not necessary when RAPD markers are used.
Selected Ophthalmological Features in Children with Septo-Optic Dysplasia and Optic Nerve Hypoplasia
Published in Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2022
Michael S. Salman, Shakhawat Hossain, Elizabeth Carson, Chelsea A. Ruth, Ian H. Clark
An RAPD is more likely to be present: 1) in cases in which there is more severe BCVA impairment in the worse eye; 2) on the side of the hypoplastic optic disc; and 3) in cases with asymmetrical or unilateral BCVA impairment, specifically on the side with the greater visual impairment. Such findings have been described in patients with acquired unilateral or asymmetrical optic neuropathy from many causes but only in few studies on patients with SOD/ONH.26,27 The absence of an RAPD in cases with asymmetrical or unilaterally impaired BCVA may have been due to technical difficulties in eliciting the sign for example, due to poor cooperation of the child, the presence of nystagmus, or the presence of strabismus. Alternatively, the absence of RAPD in cases with asymmetrical or unilateral BCVA may point to the presence of amblyopia, which is not typically associated with RAPD. Therefore, such patients should be assessed carefully for amblyopia.
Enhanced production of tanshinone IIA in endophytic fungi Emericella foeniculicola by genome shuffling
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
Pengyu Zhang, Yiting Lee, Xiying Wei, Jinlan Wu, Qingmei Liu, Shanning Wan
The total DNAs of parental and daughter strains were extracted from dry mycelia according to a modified CTAB procedure (Dai and Copley 2004). 20 pairs of RAPD primers selected randomly from 200 pairs (Shanghai Sangon Co., China Table 1) were used. RAPD amplification was conducted in a 25 µL reaction volume consisting of 10 × PCR buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 9.0, 500 mM KCl, 1% Triton-X100), 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 M dNTPs, 1 unit Taq polymerase, 100 ng of genomic DNA template and 0.4 mM primer. PCR was performed in a PTC-100 Thermal Cycler (MJ Research) with an initial denaturation phase at 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles at 95 °C for 1 min, 37 °C for 1.5 min, 72 °C for 3 min and a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. PCR products were fractionated by electrophoresis using 1.2% agarose gels with ethidium bromide in 0.5 × TBE buffer at 100 V for 1 h and visualized by ultraviolet light.
Evaluation of the genetic structure of Bromus inermis populations from chemically and radioactively polluted areas using microsatellite markers from closely related species
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Elena V. Antonova, Marion S. Röder
Bromus inermis Less. is one from species of Poaceae family extensively utilized as a model organism in the field of phylogeny and evolution (Williams et al. 2011), cytology and karyology (Tuna et al. 2001; 2004; Nizam et al. 2020), ecology (Ishikawa et al. 1995; Antonova et al. 2020; Grant et al. 2020; Saeidnia et al. 2020), radiation biology (Antonova et al. 2014, 2015, 2019, 2020), breeding (Osipova 1982), population genetics (Diaby and Casler 2003; Sutkowska and Mitka 2008; Zhang et al. 2011; Cheng et al. 2014; Antonova et al. 2019) and genomics (Pillay 1993). The genetic parameters are widely studied on the representatives of the genus Bromus. Thus, the variability of RAPD and AFLP markers has been investigated in B. inermis (Zhang et al. 2011; Cheng et al. 2014; Antonova et al. 2019), Bromus catharticus (Puecher et al. 2001), Bromus sterilis (Green et al. 2000), and Bromus tectorum (Ramakrishnan et al. 2002, 2006; Kindiger and Conley 2009; Leger et al. 2009). ISSR markers have been studied in Bromus ircutensis (Yu et al. 2011), and isozyme markers have been studied in compact brome, red brome, rip gut brome, sterile brome, and cheatgrass (Oja 1998), as well as field brome and soft brome (Oja 2005). The similarity of the polyploids of the genus Bromus to the diploid B. sterilis (Oja 1998) has been shown, which may indicate the contribution of the sterile brome genome to the origin of these species.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Genetic Marker
- Microsatellite
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Phylogenetic Tree
- Gel Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids
- Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence