Skin Absorption of Nickel and Methods to Quantify Penetration
Jurij J. Hostýnek, Howard I. Maibach in Nickel and the Skin, 2019
The steep initial concentration gradient observed for all four nickel salts confirmed earlier observations of surface reservoir formation. In-depth intracellular diffusion of nickel ion through human SC occurs to a minimal degree, and only after considerable lag times of 50 to 90 h (Bennett, 1984; Fullerton et al., 1988; (Fullerton et al., 1986; Samitz and Katz, 1976). Such accumulation of nickel in the uppermost layers of the SC was also visualized using proton-induced x-ray emission (micro-PIXE) analysis. (Forslind et al., 1985; Malmqvist et al., 1987). These results allow us to reach the following conclusions: The counter ion in nickel salts plays a major role in their passive diffusion through the SC, suggestive of ion pairing.Since mass balance calculations documented that, particularly at higher concentrations (1%), up to 35% of the applied dose remained unaccounted for, the metal may choose the alternate, shunt pathway for diffusion to a significant degree, an observation also made using autoradiography or Micro-PIXE analysis (Bos et al., 1985; Lloyd, 1980; Odintsova, 1975). In this context it is important to note that by tape stripping of the SC, hair follicles are not removed, whereby significant amounts of the nickel applied may elude detection (Finlay and Marks, 1982; Finlay et al., 1982).
Unmasking the Illicit Trafficking of Nuclear and Other Radioactive Materials
Michael Pöschl, Leo M. L. Nollet in Radionuclide Concentrations in Food and the Environment, 2006
The use of elemental analysis techniques such as the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) methods, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE), carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-sulfur (CHNS) analysis, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) can all be used for bulk sample analysis [28,34,43]. Moreover, each of these techniques can yield complementary information useful for characterizing forensic samples.
Principles and Problems of Cadmium Analysis
Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg in Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
Irradiation with protons, proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE),1 is another method for the activation analysis of cadmium. Using this method several elements can be measured simultaneously. The main advantage of PIXE is its capability to detect and quantify cadmium in very small samples, such as thin slices of tissue which weigh less than 1 mg.26,43
Uptake and molecular impact of aluminum-containing nanomaterials on human intestinal caco-2 cells
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2018
Holger Sieg, Caroline Braeuning, Birgitta Maria Kunz, Hannes Daher, Claudia Kästner, Benjamin-Christoph Krause, Thomas Meyer, Pégah Jalili, Kevin Hogeveen, Linda Böhmert, Dajana Lichtenstein, Agnès Burel, Soizic Chevance, Harald Jungnickel, Jutta Tentschert, Peter Laux, Albert Braeuning, Fabienne Gauffre, Valérie Fessard, Jan Meijer, Irina Estrela-Lopis, Andreas F. Thünemann, Andreas Luch, Alfonso Lampen
IBM measurements were performed at the LIPSION nanoprobe. A proton beam with an energy of 2.25 MeV was applied by a singletron accelerator. To minimize interactions between gas molecules and projectiles from the beam a vacuum with a pressure of 5.0 × 10−5 to 10−7 Torr was used. Micro-particle induced X-ray emission (µPIXE) element maps were recorded using a Canberra (Canberra, Connecticut) PIXE detector consisting of a High Purity Germanium crystal with an area of 95 mm2. To avoid interactions between the detector and backscattered protons the detector was shielded by a 60 µm polyethylene foil. For cellular analysis areas of 50 × 50 µm2 were scanned. µPIXE was used to visualize two-dimensional distributions of aluminum, phosphorus and sulfur. GeoPIXE 5.1 (CSIRO Exploration and Mining, Victoria, Australia) was used for data analysis.
Organ burden of inhaled nanoceria in a 2-year low-dose exposure study: dump or depot?
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Jutta Tentschert, Peter Laux, Harald Jungnickel, Josephine Brunner, Irina Estrela-Lopis, Carolin Merker, Jan Meijer, Heinrich Ernst, Lan Ma-Hock, Jana Keller, Robert Landsiedel, Andreas Luch
Ion beam microscopy (IBM) was used as a tool to visualize and quantify chemical elements as well as NPs in cells in the ppm range (Baum et al. 2016; Carmona, Deves, and Ortega 2008; Collins et al. 2017; Govil 2001; Lichtenstein et al. 2017; Llop et al. 2014; Zhou et al. 2014). Seven micrometer thick, paraffin-embedded lung sections were de-paraffinized and embedded in DePeX for IBM analysis. IBM was performed at the Leipzig ion nanoprobe laboratory LIPSION using a 2.25 MeV proton beam with a spot size of approximately 1 µm. Under the vacuum of 10−6 Torr, IBM techniques, such as micro-resolved proton induced X-ray emission (µPIXE) and micro-resolved Rutherford backscattering (µRBS), were used simultaneously to study the spatial distribution of cellular elements as well as cerium in lung tissues. Extracted µRBS spectra from regions-of-interest (ROIs) were analyzed to determine accumulated charge, area density (atoms/cm2), and cell matrix element composition (C, N, O). These parameters were then used as input for µPIXE analysis by means of GeoPIXE software (CSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering, Australia) to quantify element concentrations in lung sections (for details see Meyer et al. 2019).
Nanocapsules for the co-delivery of selol and doxorubicin to breast adenocarcinoma 4T1 cells in vitro
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Rayane Ganassin, Carolin Merker, Mosar Corrêa Rodrigues, Nayara Felipe Guimarães, Carine Sampaio Cerqueira Sodré, Queila da Silva Ferreira, Sebastião William da Silva, Alicia Simalie Ombredane, Graziella Anselmo Joanitti, Karen Rapp Py-Daniel, Juan Zhang, Cheng-Shi Jiang, Paulo César de Morais, Ewa Mosiniewicz-Szablewska, Piotr Suchocki, João Paulo Figueiró Longo, Jan Meijer, Irina Estrela-Lopis, Ricardo Bentes de Azevedo, Luis Alexandre Muehlmann
4T1 cells were cultivated on superfibronectin coated 4 µm thick polypropylene foil and exposed to NCS-DOX particles (9 µg/mL DOX and 216 µg/mL Selol) for 6 h. Afterwards cells were washed with Dulbecco’s Phosphate Buffered Saline and fixed with 100% methanol (−20 °C) for 15 min at 4 °C. Ion beam microscopy (IBM) were performed at the Leipzig ion nanoprobe laboratory LIPSION using a 2.25 MeV proton beam with a spot size of approximately 1 µm. Two-ion beam microscope techniques under high-vacuum conditions (10−6 Torr), the micro-proton induced X-ray emission (µPIXE) and the micro-Rutherford backscattering (µRBS), were simultaneously used to study the spatial distribution of cellular elements as well as selenium one. Extracted µRBS spectra from individual cells were analysed to determine accumulated charge, area density (atoms/cm2) and elemental matrix composition (C, N, O). These parameters were used as input for µPIXE analysis by means of GeoPIXE software (CSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering, Australia) to quantify element concentration within the cells.
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