Other Applications of Glycerine
Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag in Glycerine, 2018
In the paint and coatings industry glycerine’s usage has been a major factor. In the manufacture of basic alkyd resins three basic components are used: polyhydric alcohols, dibasic acids, and fatty acids. The dibasic acid is usually phthalic acid, the polyol is glycerine, and the fatty acid is polyunsaturated. Glycerine is the predominant polyhydric alcohol used because the alkyd reactions can be controlled using glycerine. The viscosity of the resins formed are low and find application in latex paints. The application of an alkyd utilizing glycerine is largely determined by its “alkyd ratio” or the proportion of glycerol phthalate in the resin. A high alkyd ratio ordinarily found in commercial products is 65. These resins would be high in viscosity and may require addition of aromatic solvents. The primary use for these alkyds are as hardeners for other alkyds of high oil content. When the alkyd ratio is 50, viscosity is still high and solvents may be required. These resins are used for baked coatings.
Fetal programming
Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero in Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
There are several environmental chemicals that interfere with androgen action. Chemicals that bind to the androgen receptor and prevent androgen action are known as androgen receptor antagonists, including DDE (a metabolite of the pesticide DDT), vinclozolin, a fungicide, and several phthalates. Phthalates are esters of phthalic acid and are used in hundreds of products, including plasticizers, PVC resins, and cosmetic and personal care products such as shampoos and soaps. As of 2004, manufacturers produced about 800 million pounds of phthalates each year. They contribute 10% to 60% of plastic products by weight (167).
Ovotoxic Environmental Chemicals: Indirect Endocrine Disruptors
Rajesh K. Naz in Endocrine Disruptors, 2004
One class of chemicals that has received recent attention in reproductive toxicology is the phthalates. Detrimental reproductive effects have been reported in both human epidemiological studies and rodent studies.[95] These chemicals, which are diesters of o-phthalic acid, are utilized in the plastics industry to enhance the flexibility of polyvinyl chloride products. They are included in such products as cosmetics, lubricants, plastic tubing, medical devices, vinyl upholstery, surgical gloves, toys, solvents, and pesticides. Phthalates can leach out of plastics into air, water, or food.[96]
Mechanism of phthalate esters in the progression and development of breast cancer
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Mohd Mughees, Himanshu Chugh, Saima Wajid
Phthalates are dialkyl/alkyl/aryl-esters of phthalic acid (Brody et al.2007). Since phthalates act as plasticizers, they are often used in manufacturing of lacquer, varnish, vinyl and also, they are used in personal care items such as perfumes, lotions, cosmetics etc. (Brody et al.2007, Martino-Andrade et al.2010). Phthalate ester varies on the basis of their chain size and so their usage (Nicolopoulou-Stamati et al.2015). The long-chain phthalates are di (2-ethylexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) and di (2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP). The short chain phthalates are dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). The long chain phthalates find their primary use in manufacturing of poly vinyl chloride commonly known as PVC, whereas, short chain phthalates are common ingredients for personal care products (Nicolopoulou-Stamati et al.2015).
The implication of mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial oxidative damage in di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induced nephrotoxicity in both in vivo and in vitro models
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Sorour Ashari, Mohammad Karami, Mohammad Shokrzadeh, Morteza Ghandadi, Nasrin Ghassemi-Barghi, Ayat Dashti, Mohammad Ranaee, Hamidreza Mohammadi
Numerous investigations have demonstrated that DEHP and its main metabolism monoethylhexyl phthalic acid (MEHP) induce serious toxic effects on animal and human organs (Tang et al. 2018, Zhao et al. 2019, Rowdhwal and Chen 2018, Praveena et al. 2018). The potential of DEHP and MEHP to induce or promote nephrotoxicity has been reported in both cellular and animal models (Wu et al. 2018, Wei et al. 2012, Wang et al. 2017, Amara et al. 2019). Nanomolar concentration of MEHP could develop Wilms’ tumor (pediatric kidney cancer) by stimulation of NF-κB pathway (Wang et al. 2017). DEHP (50 mg/kg) increased the renal fibrosis in folic acid-exposed mice, besides, morphology of renal proximal tubular cells changed in treated cells with micromolar concentrations (10–25 μM) of DEHP (Wu et al. 2018). Glomerulonephritis was observed in PPARα-null mice after long exposure to 8 to 11 mg/kg and 42 to 55 mg/kg of DEHP (Kamijo et al. 2007). Early life exposure to DEHP disrupted the development process of the offspring renal, which could lead to renal disease in adulthood (Wei et al. 2012). Although, the number of studies exhibiting the potential of DEHP to induce kidney injury has increased (Li et al. 2018, Chang et al. 2020), the main mechanism is not exactly understood. In the present study, we have shown mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial oxidative damage as involved mechanisms in DEHP/MEHP-induced nephrotoxicity.
Modulation of Fatty Acids and Interleukin-6 in Glioma Cells by South American Tea Extracts and their Phenolic Compounds
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2018
María C. Cittadini, Ignacio García-Estévez, M. Teresa Escribano-Bailón, Julián C. Rivas-Gonzalo, Mirta A. Valentich, Gastón Repossi, Elio A. Soria
Compounds 3 and 13, defined as gentisoyl hexoside (0.49 1.29 mg/g of plant, respectively), showed a pseudomolecular ion at m/z 315, with fragment ions at m/z 153 ([gentisic acid-H]−) and m/z 109. Compound 18, showing a pseudomolecular ion at m/z 477 and the same fragmentation pattern (m/z 153 ([gentisic acid-H]−) and m/z 109) was identified as gentisoyl dihexoside (1.30 mg/g of plant). Compound 9 (molecular ion at m/z 389) and compound 15 (molecular ion at m/z 375) presented characteristics of phthalic derivatives, the latter being identified as trihydroxy-phthalic acid hexoside (respective concentrations: 0.10 and 1.43 mg/g of plant).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Aromaticity
- Dicarboxylic Acid
- Naphthalene
- Phthalic Anhydride
- Potassium Dichromate
- Potassium Permanganate
- Terephthalic Acid
- Benzenedicarboxylic Acid
- Isophthalic Acid
- Redox