Solving pet problems
Clive R. Hollin in An Introduction to Human–Animal Relationships, 2021
The use of pheromone collars is not restricted to dogs. DePorter, Bledsoe, Beck, and Ollivier (2019) used a plug-in pheromone diffuser in a programme aimed to reduce aggression in 45 multi-cat households. Before the diffuser treatment started, the owners received directions for effective management of aggressive incidents which emphasised positive reinforcement and strongly discouraged punishment. The pheromone treatment was used in 20 households and a placebo in 25 households and the frequency and intensity of aggressive interactions were monitored. The behaviour management directions appeared to have an immediate effect in reducing aggression even before the introduction of the pheromone diffuser. DePorter et al. conclude that “Pheromones may be useful as a component of a complete behavior modification program” (p. 304).
Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms for Diabetic Retinopathy Detection
Sandeep Kumar, Anand Nayyar, Anand Paul in Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms in Healthcare and Drug Development, 2019
Ants have inspired a number of methods and techniques among which the most studied and the most successful is the general-purpose optimization technique known as ACO. ACO takes inspiration from the foraging behaviour of some ant species [40]. These ants deposit pheromone on the ground in order to mark some favourable path that should be followed by other members of the colony. The pheromone is a chemical substance released into the environment by an animal, especially a mammal or an insect, affecting the behaviour or physiology of others of its species. Ants navigate from nest to food source, ants are blind. Shortest path is discovered via pheromone trails. Each ant moves randomly and pheromone is deposited on the path. More pheromone on path increases probability of path being followed [36]. The methods and salient feature used by the authors for research are shown in Table 4.4.
Neuroanatomy of basic cognitive function
Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda in Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Olfactory stimuli travel from the olfactory bulb to the rhinencephalon and project to the piriform area of the medial temporal lobe, the anterior perforated substance and the terminal gyri of the medial basal frontal lobe, and the anterior uncus located in the medial surface of the temporal lobe (Figures 6.4 and 6.5). Olfactory stimuli also project to the amygdala and hippocampal gyrus. Like visual stimuli, olfactory stimuli enter the CNS at a supratentorial level. Olfactory stimuli reach the thalamus via projections from the piriform cortex and the amygdala. Odorant stimuli can reach the neocortex directly or indirectly via the thalamus.2 The influence of olfactory stimuli on emotive state is supported by projections to the amygdala and hypothalamus. Pheromones signal via these same pathways. The orbitofrontal and frontal cortices are involved in conscious odor discrimination.
Plasticity of pheromone-mediated avoidance behavior in C. elegans
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2020
YongJin Cheon, Hyeonjeong Hwang, Kyuhyung Kim
Pheromones are blends of released chemicals that play major roles in intraspecies chemical communication (Karlson & Luscher, 1959). C. elegans secretes a complex cocktail of small chemicals that are collectively called ascaroside pheromones; these affect many aspects of C. elegans biology [See review (Butcher, 2019; Edison, 2009; Ludewig & Schroeder, 2013; McGrath & Ruvinsky, 2019; J. Park, Choi, Dar, Butcher, & Kim, 2019; Schroeder, 2015)]. Since C. elegans ascaroside pheromones were discovered as a dauer-inducing metabolite in 1982 (Golden & Riddle, 1982), the chemical components of ascaroside pheromones have been identified as hundreds of structurally related compounds (Artyukhin et al., 2013; Butcher, Fujita, Schroeder, & Clardy, 2007; Butcher, Ragains, Kim, & Clardy, 2008; Butcher et al., 2009; Jeong et al., 2005; Pungaliya et al., 2009; Srinivasan et al., 2008; Srinivasan et al., 2012).
The complex barnacle perfume: identification of waterborne pheromone homologues in Balanus improvisus and their differential expression during settlement
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Anna Abramova, Ulrika Lind, Anders Blomberg, Magnus Alm Rosenblad
Since the original publication of the discovery of WSP in 2009 (Endo et al. 2009), there have been no follow-up studies to further elucidate the structure and function of the WSP. However, it was recently indicated that more than one WSP gene is present in Tetraclita japonica formosana (Lin et al. 2014) and B. amphitrite (So et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2018), but the available information is extremely scarce and only one of the sequences has been published (Lin et al. 2014) and none are deposited in public databases. Moreover, the study by Endo et al. (2009) mentioned preliminary unpublished data showing that several proteins with a molecular mass of around 32 kDa detected in barnacle-conditioned seawater have settlement-inducing activity. Altogether, this indicated that there appear to be more than one WSP homologue in barnacles. From the ecological point of view, this opens the possibility that a combination of WSP homologues might work as a pheromone blend. Pheromone mixtures are commonly used for chemical communication in various animals, including marine invertebrates (Kelly 1996; Cummins et al. 2004). In particular, the sea slug Aplysia releases a pheromone blend comprising more than three different types of waterborne pheromones to attract mates (Cummins et al. 2005).
Small molecule signals mediate social behaviors in C. elegans
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2020
Caroline S. Muirhead, Jagan Srinivasan
Ascaroside pheromone recognition and processing: As the number of newly discovered ascaroside pheromones increases, how they are sensed and transduced within the nervous system remains unresolved. Are common signaling pathways recruited for multiple ascarosides and what are the mechanisms? Furthermore, several behavioral effects induced by these pheromones are synergistic, i.e., single pheromones do not always act alone (Butcher et al., 2007; Srinivasan et al., 2008). Thus, ascaroside sensation and signaling are likely complex and elaborately intertwined and untangling these pathways could provide important clues for understanding neuronal signaling in other species.
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