Fatty Acid Composition of Adipose Tissue Triglycerides
Fernand P. Bonnet in Adipose Tissue in Childhood, 2019
The s.c. fat in obese children is said to contain proportionally more palmitic and oleic acid and less stearic and linoleic acid than in age-matched normal children; however, these differences are slight and not significant.4 In the same group of obese children, a significant increase in myristic and palmitoleic acid content and a significant decrease in linoleic acid content have been observe in cases of recent onset obesity; no difference was found between normal and obese children whose weight excess had lasted for more than 2 years. This presumably indicates that in this group of obese children, the majority of excess calories ingested during the dynamic stage of obesity comes from carbohydrates. A similar change in epididymal fat composition has been described in the hypothalamic obesity of rats and mice.32,34
The Atkins Diet
Caroline Apovian, Elizabeth Brouillard, Lorraine Young in Clinical Guide to Popular Diets, 2018
Volek and colleagues conducted a detailed analysis of the effects of dietary intervention on weight loss and metabolic and lipoprotein markers.11 Forty overweight subjects with dyslipidemia were randomized to a low-carbohydrate diet or a low-fat diet over a 12-week period. Both diets were energy-restricted and overall caloric intake was similar for both groups. Each of the dietary interventions resulted in improvements in metabolic parameters. The low-carbohydrate group had reduced glucose (−12%) and insulin (−50%) concentrations, insulin sensitivity (−55%), weight loss (−10%), and decreased adiposity (−14%). The low-carbohydrate group also demonstrated a more favorable lipid profile including a reduction of triacylglycerol (−51%) and increase in HDL cholesterol (13%) and total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (−14%) response. The low-carbohydrate diet also demonstrated positive effects on other cardiovascular risk factors including postprandial lipemia (−47%), Apolipoprotein B/Apolipoprotein A-1 ratio (−16%), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle distribution. The saturated fatty acids in the triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters and palmitoleic acid were significantly decreased in the low-carbohydrate group compared to subjects consuming the low-fat diet.
Dairy Milk
Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno in Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
The benefits of milk fat may be attributed to its favorable effects on glycemic control, circulating lipids, blood pressure, and vascular function. Although it is unclear if whole milk increases insulin sensitivity,87 controlled studies in overweight/obese adults show that it outperforms skim milk to alleviate postprandial hyperglycemia that is otherwise induced by a standardized meal.42 Whole milk (0.5 L/d; 3 weeks) compared with skim milk also increased circulating HDL-cholesterol in healthy adults without affecting fasting concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose or insulin.88 Further, replacing full-fat milk and cheese with skim milk and half-fat cheese or carbohydrates for 24-weeks did not improve brachial artery FMD or arterial stiffness.89 Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, at least in normotensive adults, were also unaffected by the chronic consumption of whole milk and yogurt (3.5 servings/d) compared with their low-fat equivalents.90 Other studies have also shown that three daily servings of regular-fat milk for 6 weeks compared with a milk-free diet had no effect on intracellular and vascular adhesion molecules or endothelin-1.91 In older men, higher intakes of milk fatty acids were associated with reduced LDL particle atherogenicity, but the effects occurring in a fatty acid-specific manner were not investigated.92Indeed, ∼400 unique fatty acids make up milk fat,7 and palmitoleic acid, oleic acids, and CLA may confer health benefits.93–95 It has therefore been suggested that milk-derived saturated fatty acids are unlikely to adversely affect cardiometabolic outcomes.
Modulation of Fatty Acids and Interleukin-6 in Glioma Cells by South American Tea Extracts and their Phenolic Compounds
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2018
María C. Cittadini, Ignacio García-Estévez, M. Teresa Escribano-Bailón, Julián C. Rivas-Gonzalo, Mirta A. Valentich, Gastón Repossi, Elio A. Soria
The effects of IP compounds were mostly associated with the increase of ω-7 fatty family, represented by the palmitoleic acid. It therefore confirmed the anti-inflammatory effect of this fatty acid on glial cells, including reduction of IL-6 and other inflammatory mediators found in other cells (34,35). In addition to this activity, IL-6 is also involved in several biological processes in the brain, as regulator of synaptic plasticity, neural networks, cognitive responses and development of neuropathies (36). This indicated a regulatory role of phenolic acids on glial lipid metabolism (i.e. chlorogenic acid might up-regulate stearoyl-9-CoA desaturase, which was supported by ω-9 levels). This gives a new insight into a poorly understood fatty acid and its role as a target of neuro-immunomodulating agents. Furthermore, neuroprotective signalling promotes palmitoleic acid (37), with content of this ω-7 lipid being enhanced in murine brain by the IP infusion (38).
Plasma fatty acids as markers for desaturase and elongase activities in spinal cord injured males
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2019
Lynnette M. Jones, Michael Legge
The results from this study indicate that there are significant differences between serum fatty acids for the SCI and control groups in the four major groups of fatty acids investigated (saturated fatty acids, SFA; monounsaturated fatty acids, MUFA; n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-6 PUFA, and n-3 PUFA). Taking these results into consideration, we investigated the inter-relationship of the fatty acid desaturases and elongase activities between both groups. High concentrations of palmitic acid (C16:0) and low concentrations of linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) and proportionately elevated palmitoleic acid (C16:1) have been described as characteristic of individuals with high insulin levels and at risk for metabolic syndrome.11,14 Previously, it has been demonstrated that stearoyl – CoA destaturase (a liver microsomal enzyme) is the rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of palmitoleoyl and oleoyl CoAs from their respective substrates palmitoyl and stearoyl CoAs, via a Δ9 desaturation reaction.24,25 However, direct analysis of this enzyme in human material is difficult and the ratios of the fatty acids oleate (C18:1/stearate (C18:0) and palmitoleate (C16:1)/palmitate (C16:0) are reliable analytes to indicate surrogate enzyme activity.9,12
Mitochondrial disruption in isolated human monocytes: An underlying mechanism for cadmium-induced immunotoxicity
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2022
Ulfat M. Omar, Ekramy M. Elmorsy, Ayat B. Al-Ghafari
Compositional analyses of mitochondrial membranes in these cells indicated that there was a major shift in presence of select lipids caused by the 1 µM CdCl2. After 24 hr of treatment, 1 µM CdCl2 caused significant elevations in levels of oleic, linoleic, and docosahexaenoic acids and concurrent significant decreases in the levels of palmitic, steric, and arachidonic acids (Figure 5(A–G)). The levels of change (increase) from control cell values were to 110.3 [± 10.1], 114.4 [± 7.2], and 114.1 [± 8.5]% of oleic, linoleic, and docosahexaeoic acid levels in control cells. The levels of change (decrease) from control cell values were to 84.0 [± 10.7], 90.3 [± 6.4], and 84.1 [± 8.8]%, respectively, for palmitic, steric, and arachidonic acids. Only levels of palmitoleic acid were not significantly impacted by the Cd treatments (either level). As above, the 0.1 µM CdCl2 imparted no significant effect on the lipid profiles in this same timeframe. The net result of all these changes was a significant increase in the unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio within the mitochondria of the cells (i.e. shift from 0.40 [± 0.02] for control cells to 0.50 [± 0.01] for the 1 µM CdCl2-treated cells; Figure 5(H)).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Fatty Acid
- Glyceride
- Monounsaturated Fat
- Palmitic Acid
- Liver
- Insulin Resistance
- Adipose Tissue
- Omega-7 Fatty Acid
- Stearoyl-Coa 9-Desaturase
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha