Monoclonal Antibodies Used for the Diagnosis of the Small Round Cell Tumors of Childhood
John T. Kemshead in Pediatric Tumors: Immunological and Molecular Markers, 2020
Neuron specific enolase — This isoenzyme of enolase has been reported as being only expressed in cells of neuroectodermal origin. It is an acidic protein with a PI of 4.7 and a molecular weight of 78 kDa. The molecule consists of a dimer of 39 kDa subunits.38 Antisera raised against neuron specific enolase do not cross-react with the other isoenzyme of enolase found in the brain NNE (non-neuronal enolase) which is also a dimeric protein consisting of 43.5 kDa subunits with a PI of 7.2. Hybrid molecules consisting of both subunits of NSE and NNE have also been found in the brain which may lead to confusion concerning the immunohistochemical characterization of cells expressing NSE. While neuron specific enolase has been described in neurons and neuroendocrine cells, non-neuronal enolase has been found in glia and non-neuronal cells.
Neurogenic tumors
Eckart Haneke in Histopathology of the NailOnychopathology, 2017
There are many different tumors of the peripheral nerves that can be found in and around the nail organ. The diagnosis is sometimes difficult and based on morphologic similarity with structures of the peripheral nerves, on the development of their neurocristic precursors, and reactions of nerves to injury and regeneration.1 Various cells like neurosustentacular, some mesenchymal cells, and melanocytes are of neuroectodermal origin and share a common progenitor. Thus, they have a number of cell markers in common but they can also, in part, be differentiated with other immunohistochemical markers. Protein S100 is expressed by Schwann cells, glial cells, melanocytes, secretory cells of eccrine sweat glands, fat cells, and chondrocytes. Neurofilaments can only be demonstrated in axons, which are also demonstrable by silver impregnation. Neuron-specific enolase is produced by Schwann cells, neurons, and axons. Myelin is demonstrated with antibodies to myelin basic protein, CD57 (Leu 7), and Luxol fast blue stain. Glial fibrillary acidic protein is a constituent of glial cells, but it is also positive in some Schwann cells of large soft tissue schwannomas and in some salivary gland tumor cells.1 Perineurial cells as well as sebaceous cells are positive for epithelial membrane antigen.
Oncology
Stephan Strobel, Lewis Spitz, Stephen D. Marks in Great Ormond Street Handbook of Paediatrics, 2019
Urinary catecholamine metabolites are usually raised. CT or preferably MRI scans of the primary tumour will show the extent of the disease locally and allow identification of image defined risk factors L1 or L2 (Figs 12.30, 12.31). Tumours may be calcified. Most tumours are positive on radio-iodine labelled metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scan, which is essential to exclude distant disease (Fig. 12.32). If MIBG is negative at the primary site then skeletal scintigraphy or a 18F-FDG PET CT will need to be done to exclude bony and soft tissue metastases. A biopsy of the primary tumour or a metastatic site is mandatory for histology, biology and the genomic profile, which also predicts outcome. Any tumour with amplification of the MycN oncongene (MYCNA) is high risk. Bone marrow aspirates and trephine biopsies are essential to exclude bone marrow disease. Measurement of neuron-specific enolase, ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase at diagnosis may provide further prognostic information.
Neuromarkers which can predict neurodevelopmental impairment among children with congenital heart defects after cardiac surgery: A systematic literature review
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2023
Lacramioara Eliza Chiperi, Cristina Tecar, Rodica Toganel
Neuron-specific enolase: NSE is a glycolytic enzyme, the main enolase found in neuronal and neuroendocrine tissues. Due to this neural-neuroendocrine specificity and a short half-life (approximately 24 h), its concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and serum are elevated in disorders with rapid neuronal destruction (h/days) thus representing a useful diagnostic tool for neuron-destructive disorders.13 It is used as a tumor marker in various types of neoplasia (neuroblastoma, carcinoid tumor, Wilms tumor, small cell lung cancer) and also reaches high levels in degenerative diseases of the nervous system, intracranial hemorrhage and cerebral hypoxia representing a biomarker of neuronal damage.14 Various studies have demonstrated that NSE serum levels increase after CBP for 24 h before it returns to normal levels and that NSE can predict neurodevelopmental impairment following cardiac surgery. A couple of studies correlated NSE levels with neurodevelopmental impairment pattern in children with congenital heart defects requiring cardiac surgery. In a study published by Sanchez-de-Toledo et al. which included 39 subjects,19 a correlation was investigated between NSE and immediate post-operative neurologic event, but no correlation was found. In another study by Schmitt conducted on 27 patients,23 the role of NSE in predicting brain injury was unclear. In Trakas’s study including 18 neonates,18 short term levels of NSE after surgery were unassociated with brain injury.
Changes in amplitude-integrated electroencephalography, neuron-specific enolase, and S100B in neonates with brain injury induced by neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and their significance
Published in Brain Injury, 2021
Xiangjun Cui, Bin Zhou, Jiebin Wu, Dong Yang, Xiao Liu, Yun Wang
Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) is a simplified single-channel EEG monitoring technique. With the characteristics of user-friendly operation and good performance in evaluating neurological function, aEEG can be used to determine the severity of brain injury (8). Currently, it is widely used in the clinical evaluation of neurodevelopment and prognosis of neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Ruth et al. (9) have pointed out that for children with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy who have not received hypothermia therapy within 72 hours of birth, the results of their aEEG are highly efficient in predicting prognosis. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) mainly originates from neurons in brain tissue. It is released in large quantities when brain tissue is damaged, so it is a common biomarker of brain injury (10). S100B protein is derived from the glial cells of brain tissue. S100B protein at a certain concentration can enhance the proliferation of hippocampus cells, differentiation of nerve cells, and recovery of cognition but will intensify the inflammatory reaction and death of nerve cells when its concentration is increased (11,12). Currently, NSE and S100B have been adopted clinically to evaluate the severity and prognosis of brain injury including traumatic brain injury and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (10,13,14); however, there is little research on the role of NSE, S100B, and aEEG in brain injury induced by NHB.
Two Useful Umbilical Biomarkers for Therapeutic Hypothermia Decision in Patients with Hypoxic İschemic Encephalopathy with Perinatal Asphyxia: Netrin-1 and Neuron Specific Enolase
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Ufuk Cakir, Burak Ceran, Cuneyt Tayman
Neuron specific enolase (NSE) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phospho-d-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the glycolytic pathway. NSE is also found in physiologically low concentrations in the blood and erythrocytes, platelets, plasma cells, lymphocytes, capillary walls, and myoepithelial cells. NSE is secreted in to extracellular fluids, CNS, and blood after cell injury. NSE is stable in mature sensory and endocrine neurons in the CNS. It is a unique member of the intracellular energy metabolism system shared by neurons [2,7]. NSE concentration has been shown to increase in cerebral circulation after experimentally induced cerebral lesions and increases in plasma correlating with focal neuronal loss in the ischemic area [8]. NSE is thought to be released into the blood as a result of brain injuries and blood-brain barrier damage in infants with HIE due to ischemia or edema [9]. Although NSE has been proposed as a promising biomarker in perinatal medicine, studies evaluating the relationship between NSE and HIE are lacking [2,7].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Antibody
- Enolase
- Enzyme
- Nervous Tissue
- Neuroendocrine Cell
- Protein Dimer
- Gene
- Neuron
- Alpha-Enolase
- Small-Cell Carcinoma