Neural Stem Cells and Oligodendrocyte Progenitors in the Central Nervous System
Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont in Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
The adult vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) consists of four major differentiated cell types: neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells. Historically, there has been disagreement on how these differentiated cell types are generated in the CNS. Progress remains hindered by the complexity of cell structure in this system, the lack of specific cell surface markers to identify distinct cell types and the presence of numerous transit amplifying cell populations that rapidly generate early progenitors. At present it is clear that some cells, termed neural stem cells, can generate neurons as well as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes of the glial lineage both in vitro and in vivo. However, controversy still exists over whether the majority of glia in the CNS are generated by multipotential stem cells or progenitor cells that were born as committed glioblasts. Nevertheless, the existence of stem cells in the CNS has important implications for understanding both the mechanisms that generate neural diversity during embryonic development and the recruitment and differentiation of neural stem cells present in the adult. This review summarizes our knowledge of stem cells that comprise the CNS and examines the broad plasticity reported for adult CNS stem cell populations.
Pathophysiology
E Glucksman in MCQs in Neurology and Neurosurgery for Medical Students, 2022
This chapter provides that the themed presentation encourages quick, focused study and detailed answers aid comprehension and encourages familiarity with pathophysiology with essential diagrams, colour images and sample MRIs. During neural development, the lumen of the neural tube is lined with neural stem cells that in adults differentiate into ependymal cells lining the ventricular system. These cells are ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells, and modified ependymal cells in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles form the choroid plexus, which is responsible for the production of CSF. Poliovirus, which is transmitted by the faecal-oral route, causes poliomyelitis. It is most often seen in developing countries in young unimmunised children. The virus replicates in the oropharynx and small intestine before spreading through the bloodstream to the CNS. Selegiline selectively inhibits monoamine oxidase B therefore increasing the availability of the dopamine in Parkinson’s disease.
Stem cell strategies for Alzheimer’s disease
Israel Hanin, Ramon Cacabelos, Abraham Fisher in Recent Progress in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases, 2005
Neuropathological conditions caused by the degeneration of neuronal cells have been considered incurable because of a long-held ‘truism’: neurons do not regenerate during adulthood. However, this statement has been challenged and we have found new evidence that neurons do indeed have the potential to be renewed after maturation. The discovery of multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult brain1,2 has brought revolutionary changes in the theory of neurogenesis, which currently posits that regeneration of neurons can occur throughout life, thus opening a door for the development of novel therapies to treat neurodegenerative diseases by neuronal regeneration using stem cell transplantation.
Expression of nestin and glial-derived neurotrophic factor in human endogenous neural stem cells following ischemia
Published in Neurological Research, 2010
Shu-Rong Duan, Jianxiu Wang, Wenli Teng, Ran Xu
Objectives: We investigated the relationship between glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nestin, and the activation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) following cerebral infarction in humans. Methods: Post-mortem brain specimens from patients who died following cerebral infarction were examined. Results: Compared with the controls, the number of nestin-positive cells was increased at 4·5–10 hours in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus dentate gyrus and at 24–72 hours in the subventricular zone, reaching maximum levels at 120–144 hours. Cell numbers decreased at 216–326 hours, but remained elevated compared with controls. Similar results were found when examining the expression of GDNF following ischemia. Furthermore, the expression of nestin and GDNF showed a statistically significant positive correlation over time. Conclusions: Our results indicate that, as in other mammals, proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells in the subventricular zone and subgranular zone of the hippocampus dentate gyrus of humans is activated by cerebral infarction and may be related to increases in GDNF expression.
Proteomics of neural stem cells
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2008
Helena Skalnikova, Petr Vodicka, Suresh Jivan Gadher, Hana Kovarova
The isolation of neural stem cells from fetal and adult mammalian CNS and the demonstration of functional neurogenesis in adult CNS have offered perspectives for treatment of many devastating hereditary and acquired neurological diseases. Due to this enormous potential, neural stem cells are a subject of extensive molecular profiling studies with a search for new markers and regulatory pathways governing their self-renewal as opposed to differentiation. Several in-depth proteomic studies have been conducted on primary or immortalized cultures of neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells, and yet more remains to be done. Additionally, neurons and glial cells have been obtained from embryonic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells, and proteins associated with the differentiation process have been characterized to a certain degree with a view to further investigations. This review summarizes recent findings relevant to the proteomics of neural stem cells and discusses major proteins significantly regulated during neural stem cell differentiation with a view to their future use in cell-based regenerative and reparative therapy.
Fate and manipulations of endogenous neural stem cells following brain ischemia
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2009
Stem cells have been proposed as a new form of cell-based therapy in a variety of disorders, including acute and degenerative brain diseases. Endogenous neural stem cells (eNSCs) have been identified in the central nervous system where they reside largely in the subventricular zone and in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. eNSCs are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into functional glia and neurons throughout life. However, spontaneous brain regeneration does not suffice to induce significant behavioral improvement in acute or chronic brain injury. Nevertheless, eNSCs responses can be considerably increased by tweaking the pathways governing cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Contemporary evidence now suggests that such perturbations may lead to better functional outcome after brain injury.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Nervous System
- Oligodendrocyte
- Astrocyte
- Neuron
- Subventricular Zone
- Samuel Weiss
- Striatum