Macronutrients
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
In humans, fatty acids have a number of physiological roles as: energy substrates, structural and functional components of cell membranes, precursors for lipid mediators, and components affecting signal transduction pathways and gene transcription (70–75). Some fatty acids are not only essential dietary nutrients but also contribute to various physiological processes (74). Certain saturated fatty acids are involved in numerous cellular signaling and stabilization processes in the body. For example, myristic acid, a 14-carbon saturated fatty acid, is a source of myristoyl groups utilized within the body to stabilize many different proteins, including proteins in the immune system, and to fight tumors (74). Myristoleic acid, a metabolite of myristic acid, is known to be cytotoxic to tumor cells such as prostate cancer cells (74). Palmitic acid, a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid, is involved in palmitoylation of protein. This palmitoylated protein formed plays important roles in numerous cellular processes, including signaling, apoptosis, and neuronal transmission, and is used to fight degenerative Huntington’s disease, T-cell mediated immune disorder, and cancer (74). However, excess consumption of palmitic acid, myristic acid, and other saturated fatty acids, increases the risk of developing hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular disease and cancer.
N-Myristoylation as a Novel Molecular Target for the Design of Chemotherapeutic Drugs
Robert I. Glazer in Developments in Cancer Chemotherapy, 2019
Myristoylation of amino terminal glycine is characterized by a very high specificity for myristic acid. If RSV-infected chicken embryo cells are prelabeled with [3H]palmitate, p60src is very weakly radiolabeled compared to cells prelabeled with [3H]myristate.11 Furthermore, when the radioactivity incorporated into the [3H]palmitate-labeled src protein is subsequently analyzed, it is found as myristate rather than as palmitate, presumably originating from metabolism of the longer chain precursor.22 Considering the limited metabolic conversion of fatty acids to their shorter homologs,39 this labeling indicates a remarkable preference for myristic acid. The metabolic labeling of retroviral gag or gag-oncogene hybrid proteins in virus-infected cells has shown a similar preference for myristic acid.15,18,19 This specificity for myristic acid is accentuated by the fact that myristic acid represents <3% of the total fatty acids in mammalian tissues or eukaryotic cells.83,85 In addition, a strict enzymatic specificity for myristoyl CoA over palmitoyl CoA was demonstrated in in vitro kinetic studies with yeast and rat brain N-myristoyl transferases.70,86
Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
L.D. Kapoor in Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
Root bark showed the presence of acetyl alcohol and nonsaponifiable matter (16.8%). myristic acid (6.73%). palmitic acid (9.36%), oleic acid (85.8%), linoleic acid (3.7%), and resin acids (2.3%). The alcoholic components were myricyl alcohol and sterols, among which stigmasterol, sitosterol and β-sitosterol were detected in nonsaponifiabie matter.57,58 The chemical investigation of root bark and stem bark showed a mixture of alkaloids; one of those was identified as tuburlosine C31H39N3O4,. Pakrashi and Eshakali59 isolated two other new alkaloids, desmethylpsychotrine and alangicine, from A. lamarckii The seed kernels of this plant showed the presence of betulinic acid, betulinaldehyde, betulin. and lupeol.60 Willaman and Li10 have compiled a list of different alkaloids isolated from different parts of A. lamarckii: root bark — alangicine, alangimarckine, alkaloid AL 60, cephaeline, demethylpsychotrine, demethyltublosine. emetine, protoemetinol, psychotrine, tubulosine; leaf — ankorine. deoxytublosine. dihydroprotoemetine; stem bark — cephaeline. demethyltublosine, emetine, lamarchinine, psychotrine. tubulosine; root — ankorine. isotubulosine; and a few unnamed alkaloids from flowers, seeds, root bark, and stem bark.
Circulating fatty acids in patients with head and neck cancer after treatment: an explorative study with a one-year perspective
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Constantina Nadia Christou, Ylva Tiblom Ehrsson, Erik Lampa, Ulf Risérus, Göran Laurell
FA 14:0 (myristic acid) is a saturated long-chain FA with a 14-carbon backbone. Myristic acid is found naturally in dairy fat, a major source in the Swedish population, but also in tropical oils including palm oil and coconut oil. FA 14:0 is reported to represent an average of 11% of the dairy intake of FAs and is well known to increase total cholesterol, especially low-density lipoproteins, in the blood [9]. In addition, under lipogenic conditions FA 14:0 may also be produced de novo in parallel with FA 16:0 [10]. FA 18:3n-3 (linolenic acid) is an essential omega-3 FA found exclusively in plant oils, such as rapeseed oil, but it can be converted to very long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) that are found in seafood. Notably, despite being an essential FA, 18:3n-3 as assessed in serum cholesterol esters does not appear to be a reliable biomarker of self-reported dietary intake [11]. FA 20:3n-6 (dimoho-γ-linolenic acid) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 FA that is produced in the body by elongation and desaturation of FA 18:2n-6 (linoleic acid). Linolenic acid and linoleic acid are the two essential FAs for humans that must be obtained through the diet.
The role of N-myristoyltransferase 1 in tumour development
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Hong Wang, Xin Xu, Jiayi Wang, Yongxia Qiao
Myristoylation is the irreversible covalent bonding of myristic acid (also known as tetradecanoic acid, a 14-carbon saturated fatty acid) to the N-terminal glycine of a protein with myristoyl coenzyme A as the donor [8]. Recent studies have revealed that lysines can also be myristoylated [9]. In eukaryotes, myristoylation occurs in 0.5–3% of the cellular proteome [10]. Although myristoylation affects only a minority of eukaryotic proteins, it is vital for the survival and development of organisms and has implications for various diseases such as cancer [6] and malaria [11]. Myristoylation controls protein function by targeting proteins to specific locations, promoting specific protein–protein and protein–lipid interactions, and causing ligand-induced conformational changes [12]. Familiar myristoylated proteins include the β subunit of calmodulin independent protein phosphatase, the myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate, the α subunit of several G proteins, and several ARF proteins involved in ADP ribosylation [13,14].
Design and synthesis of mucoadhesive nanogel containing farnesol: investigation of the effect on HWP1, SAP6 and Rim101 genes expression of Candida albicans in vitro
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Fatemeh Nikoomanesh, Shahla Roudbarmohammadi, Mehdi Khoobi, Farnoosh Haghighi, Maryam Roudbary
Farnesol purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company (St. Louis, MO) was prepared in methanol at the concentration of 300 µM. Tetrazolium 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) salt was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Chitosan (the medium molecular weight (Mw) of 340 g/mol) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Alginate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company (St. Louis, MO). Myristic acid (≥99% purity, MW =228.37 g/mol) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC; Mw =155.24 g/mol, d = 0.814 g/ml) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company (St. Louis, MO). Intestinal epithelial cell line (SW480) was obtained from Pastor Institute (Tehran, Iran). AMPLIQON master mix (Green High Rox) was purchased from Sinnagene Company (Tehran, Iran). DMEM medium was purchased from Merck Company (Germany). Sabouraud dexterose agar (SDA) and nitrogen base agar (YNB) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company (St. Louis, MO).