Other Tumors
Wojciech Gorczyca in Atlas of Differential Diagnosis in Neoplastic Hematopathology, 2014
Histiocytic sarcoma is a malignant tumor of the macrophage lineage. It occurs in the lymph nodes and extranodal locations including the skin, abdominal organs (intestinal tract), soft tissue, and spleen. The cytomorphologic features are highly variable. The neoplastic cells are large and pleomorphic with abundant eosinophilic or foamy cytoplasm and bizarre nuclei (Figure 39.23). Nucleoli are prominent. Many cells are multinucleated. The overall morphologic features resemble anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) or malignant melanoma. Neoplastic cells lack the immunoreactivity with B- and T-cell markers, epithelial markers [epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), cytokeratin], blastic markers (CD34, TdT, and CD117), HMB-45, CD21, CD30, ALK, and MPO. Histiocytic sarcomas are positive for CD4, CD11c, CD14, CD43, CD45, CD68, HAM56, and HLA-DR. Staining with S100 may be positive but is usually focal and weak. The diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma is largely based on marked cytologic atypia, exclusion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), ALCL, melanoma, and carcinoma, and expression of CD45 and histiocytic markers.
Prostaglandins and the Mechanism of Bone Resorption
Wilson Harvey, Alan Bennett in Prostaglandins in Bone Resorption, 2020
As the formation of “clasts” is associated with bone destruction, it seems reasonable to suppose that multinucleation might improve the ability of the cells to resorb. There is evidence for this. Fallon et al.20 compared the binding and resorption of prelabeled bone particles by mononuclear peritoneal macrophages with multinucleated cells from the same source which had been allowed to form in culture. The multinucleated cells were significantly more effective than their mononuclear counterparts at both binding to the bone particles and resorbing them. The reasons for this are not understood, but as the authors point out it is likely to reflect the increased cell membrane mobility and increased production of collagenase and lysosomal enzymes observed when giant cells are formed.
From cells to systems
Nick Draper, Helen Marshall in Exercise Physiology, 2014
The nucleus, usually found at the core of each cell, is the control centre. It is encapsulated within a double-layered membrane that separates it from the rest of the cytoplasm but contains nuclear pores that enable substances to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Most cells have one nucleus, although as already mentioned red blood cells expel their nucleus during development to increase oxygen-carrying capacity and muscle cells and some bone cells are multinucleated. The nucleus represents the single largest component within the cell and contains DNA which enables the nucleus to govern the cell’s functions.
Nitric oxide modulates the responses of osteoclast formation to static magnetic fields
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2018
Jian Zhang, Chong Ding, Xiaofeng Meng, Peng Shang
The monocyte RAW264.7 cells were purchased from the Cell Bank of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS; Shanghai, China). The cells were maintained in alpha-Minimum Essential Medium (α-MEM; Gibco, Grand Island, NY), supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS; Grand Island,NY) in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37°C. For osteoclastogenesis, RAW264.7 cells were seeded at 3000 cells/well in 96-well plates (Corning, Tewksbury, MA) and were induced in the presence of soluble mouse RANKL (50 ng/ml; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN). Then the cells were treated with SMFs for 4 days. Cell culture medium was changed every 48 h. On day 4, the osteoclast-like multinucleated cell formation was evaluated by TRAP staining using a Leukocyte Acid Phosphatase kit (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The formed osteoclasts were observed using light microscopy and osteoclast area was measured using Image J software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/). Multinucleated cells containing >3 nuclei and positive for TRAP were counted.
Gastro-intestinal basidiobolomycosis in a 2-year-old boy: dramatic response to potassium iodide
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2018
Anahita Sanaei Dashti, Amir Nasimfar, Hossein Hosseini Khorami, Gholamreza Pouladfar, Mohammad Rahim Kadivar, Bita Geramizadeh, Masoomeh Khalifeh
Diagnosis is based on imaging such as sonography, radiography, CT and endoscopy.8 Thickening of the intestinal wall as well as the presence of a mass in the colon, especially the sigmoid flexure, terminal ileum and stomach, are the most common radiological findings.2,6,9,10 The mass is likely to spread to surrounding organs with a polypoid shape or cobblestone appearance.8 These symptoms can lead to misdiagnoses (e.g. Crohn disease, cancer of the colon).2,6,9,10 Histopathological findings in basidiobolomycosis include: (i) suppurative and granulomatous inflammation, (ii) thin-walled broad hyphae surrounded by eosinophilic amorphous material (S-H combination), (iii) the presence of zygospores, and (iv) the presence of multinucleated giant cells.11 The S-HP is a morphological structure in which fungal hyphae are surrounded by eosinophilic materials and histiocytes11,12 and are visible in sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin.11 In almost all of the previous cases, histological examination was the most common diagnostic method,5 while fungus culture is considered to be the gold standard for a definitive diagnosis of B. ranarum.1,2 Of the 46 GIB cases reported up to 2012, 41.3% were paediatric. All children showed leucocytosis and marked eosinophilia; the mean WBC count was 20.68×103/L and the mean eosinophil percentage was 17.1% (all had eosinophilia). Thus, a complete blood cell count is a helpful clue to basidiobolomycosis.5
Suppression of hematopoietic cell kinase ameliorates the bone destruction associated with inflammation
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2020
Yusoon Kim, Mikihito Hayashi, Takehito Ono, Tetsuya Yoda, Hiroshi Takayanagi, Tomoki Nakashima
In vitro osteoclast differentiation was performed as described previously with a minor modification [8]. Briefly, bone marrow cells (BMCs) were collected from C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) male mice (CLEA Japan, Tokyo, Japan) and differentiated into BMMs in α-MEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) with 10% FBS and 10 ng/ml M-CSF (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) for two days. BMMs were further differentiated into osteoclasts by stimulation with 50 ng/ml RANKL (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ) and 10 ng/ml M-CSF, and were then treated with various concentrations of A-419259 trihydrochloride (Wako Pure Chemical, Osaka, Japan), FAK inhibitor 14 (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI), TG10348 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX), Tofacitinib citrate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and PP2 (Sigma-Aldrich) for three days. One day after the RANKL stimulation, cells were stimulated with 5 ng/ml TNF-α (R&D Systems) as previously described [9]. The culture medium was changed every second day. Osteoclastogenesis was evaluated by tartrate-resistance acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. TRAP-positive multinucleated cells (MNCs) with more than three nuclei were counted. For in vitro osteoblast differentiation, MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured with α-MEM with 10% FBS. After two days, cells were stimulated with osteogenic medium containing 100 mM ascorbic acid (Wako Pure Chemical), 5 mM β-glycerophosphate (Sigma-Aldrich) and 10 nM dexamethasone (Wako Pure Chemical) with or without 0.1 μM A-419259. The culture medium was changed every third day. After seven days, ALP (alkaline phosphatase) activity was assessed by ALP staining.
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