Fucoidan
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide that can be found in brown seaweed and sea cucumber. The bioactivities of fucoidan, such as anticoagulants, antioxidants, immunomodulator, anti inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer, and a variety of other unique bioactivities, are beneficial to preventing GI ulcers and healing gastric ulcers by fucoidan reduces aspirin induced inflammatory cytokine production and stomach mucosal injury. Mucus production improves during the healing phase. Intracellular instigators like stomach fluids and oxidants and exogenous damaging chemicals like NSAIDs are protected from the ulcer crater. Fucoidan’s health activities as a natural food element obtained from the sea are directly linked to its chemical properties. Fucoidan properties depends on the type of macroalgae used, the conditions of extraction, and the chemical and physical treatment of this one of a kind product. Because of its various health benefits, fucoidan is currently commonly utilized in manufacturing functional foods.
The Respiratory System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Breathing or ventilation can be done through the mouth: however, it most often occurs through the nares or nostrils. As air is inhaled through the nostrils, it is cleaned and filtered by the lining of short, stout hairs found in the dilated part of the nostrils just inside the opening called the vestibule. Above the vestibule, the nostrils are Lined with a layer of mucous membrane from which grow cilia. These microscopic hair-like projections serve to filter the air as it passes through. Smaller particles of matter pass into the upper nostril and are entrapped in mucus secreted by the mucous membrane lining. Some of these particles then move out of the vestibule; others pass along a channel leading to the mouth where they can be expectorated (spit out) or swallowed. During this part of the respiratory process, the air is also warmed and moistened by the mucous membrane in the nostrils.
Evaluation of Anti-ulcer Potential of Sphenodesme involucrata var. paniculata (C.B. Clarke) Munir Leaves on Various Gastric Aggressive Factors
Parimelazhagan Thangaraj in Phytomedicine, 2020
The production of mucus by the epithelial cells begins from the stomach to the colon. This first gastric mucosal defense block is formed by muco-gel (95% mucin and 5% water), which serves as a prevention of bacterial colonization, in addition to retaining secreted hydrogen ions, and preventing the proteolytic action of pepsin in the gastric epithelium (Gilbert et al. 2015). In addition, mucus prevents back diffusion of H+ into epithelial cells and removes free radicals that are harmful to gastric mucosa (Allen and Fonström 2005). The phospholipids layer of the epithelial cell is the first line of defense of the mucosa. This layer presents high hydrophobicity, a thin layer of mucus gel, binds the bicarbonate ions, maintains the pH at approximately 7.0, and deposits on the surface of the epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa, protecting it against deleterious effects, mainly from HCl and pepsin (Allen and Fonström 2005).
Current status and advances in esophageal drug delivery technology: influence of physiological, pathophysiological and pharmaceutical factors
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Ai Wei Lim, Nicholas J. Talley, Marjorie M. Walker, Gert Storm, Susan Hua
The esophageal mucus is thought to act as a buffer layer on the surface of the mucosa to neutralize and protect the esophagus from stomach refluxates. It also plays a role in the innate immune system that forms a barrier against pathogens (Sarosiek & McCallum, 2000; Nochi & Kiyono, 2006). Mucus is produced in the esophagus mainly by the esophageal submucosal glands. These glands are connected to the lumen of the esophagus via small ducts that are located between the submucosa and mucosa of the epithelium (Meyer et al., 1986). Esophageal mucus contains a mixture of mucin, proteins (e.g. threonine 16.3%, serine 14.2%, glycine 8.9%, glutamine 8.5%, alanine 8.4%, proline 8.0%, asparagine 7.6%, leucine 6.9%, valine 5.7%, lysine 3.3%, isoleucine 2.8%, histidine 2.6%, arginine 2.6%, phenylalanine 2.6%, and tyrosine 1.1% (Namiot et al., 1994)), polypeptides (e.g. epidermal growth factors, prostaglandin E2, and immunoglobulin A (Sarosiek et al., 1993, 1994)), phospholipids, and bicarbonate ions (Namiot et al., 1994).
Emerging strategies in nanotechnology to treat respiratory tract infections: realizing current trends for future clinical perspectives
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Minhua Chen, Zhangxuan Shou, Xue Jin, Yingjun Chen
A heterogeneous lung lining fluid is distributed continuously throughout the respiratory tract. The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles (conducting parts) are lined with a mucus gel, while the pulmonary surfactants and alveolar sub-phase fluid line the alveoli (A. W. Ng et al., 2004). Mucus is composed of water, globular proteins, lipids, DNA, mucins, salts, and cellular debris. It acts as a protective layer and helps in lubrication Mucus blocks the passage of pathogens and foreign substances to the underlying epithelium. Mucins are glycoproteins that contribute to the viscoelasticity of the mucus membrane (Zanin et al., 2016). In pathological conditions, the microenvironment of the respiratory tract is affected. The chronic bacterial infections in Cystic fibrosis change the pH of the respiratory tract from almost neutral to acidic. This altered pH induces conformational changes in the structure of mucin protein which can impact the interaction of nanoparticles and mucus (Poschet et al., 2002; F. Wan et al., 2020). Furthermore, respiratory tract diseases lead to excessive production and dehydration of mucus that also disrupt the interactivity of mucus and therapeutics. The production of extremely viscous mucus in a certain pathological environment may lead to embolism in the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, thus further obstructing the passage of drugs from the respiratory tract. The low clearance rate and higher accumulation of mucus create room for microbial growth and thus cause infection.
Investigation of drug regimens and treatment outcome in patients with Mycobacterium Simiae: a systematic review
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Shirin Dashtbin, Shiva Mirkalantari, Masoud Dadashi, Davood Darban-Sarokhalil
Typical symptoms include mild to chronic coughs with mucus production [52]. In this review, mild to severe coughs with sputum production were the main symptoms among the patients with M. simiae pulmonary infections. Lotfi et al. [48] surveyed the clinical features, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of M. simiae infection among 20 patients and found that, similar to the present study, the most common symptoms among the patients were coughing, sputum production, and hemoptysis. However, Jabbour et al. [2] revealed in their study that patients typically present nonspecific symptoms, including mild to severe coughs, hemoptysis, dyspnea, fever, night sweats, malaise, and weight loss. Also, in addition to the symptoms mentioned above, Heap et al. [53] reported intra-abdominal pain among patients with M. simiae infection. In some studies, patients with M. simiae infection have also Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes zoster, and aspergillosis co-infections [54–56].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Antibody
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