Children’s communication: development and difficulties
James Law, Alison Parkinson, Rashmin Tamhne, David Hall in Communication Difficulties in Childhood, 2017
The branches of the tree comprise the child’s expressive language skills. In particular we are referring here to vocabulary development and to the development of syntax. For most children, formulating sentences quickly becomes an automatic skill, but for some the complex relationships between subjects and verbs, the construction of conjoined sentences (connected with, and, but, etc.) and the embedding of sentences within one another (this ball’s like the one that I have at home) is too complex a task. A number of children who have particular difficulty with the manipulation of syntax often have specific difficulties with the small changes to words that affect meaning. These are known as morphological changes and comprise the skills necessary to change verb endings (-ing, -es, etc.) and mark plurals (in¯ectional morphology) or to derive one word from another (discussion from discuss) which is known as derivational morphology. Children start marking morphological changes at 18–24 months, but as with all other aspects of language development in this early stage many continue to make errors well into primary school years.
Metalinguistic Awareness and Reading Acquisition: Some Issues
Kees P. van den Bos, Linda S. Siegel, Dirk J. Bakker, David L. Share in Current Directions in Dyslexia Research, 2020
It would appear that a more eclectic view in relating phonology to reading, and reading to phonology, should emphasize both the morphemic or morphological and phonemic aspects of language and orthography. In general, morphology deals with internal structure of words and word formation. These rules are complex and apply at different points in grammar: Some in the internal dictionary, some at the point of insertion in syntactic structures, some during the course of inflection and derivation, and some to the output of other word formation rules.
Mechanisms of Recovery After Acquired Brain Injury
Barbara A. Wilson, Jill Winegardner, Caroline M. van Heugten, Tamara Ownsworth in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2017
Kolk's theory of preventive adaptation in people with Broca's aphasia (Kolk, 1995) exemplifies behavioural compensation remarkably well. This author put forward the idea that producing a grammatically correct sentence requires time and that agrammatic sentence production by aphasic patients might be due to a timing problem (Kolk and van Grunsven, 1985; Kolk et al., 1985). According to this idea, the elements needed to build a sentence need time to be activated and this activation is subject to decay over time. Another assumption is that elements in a sentence are interdependent, in other words the activation of one element requires the activation of another element, like the subject of a sentence which has to be active in order to activate the right conjugation of a successive verb. In daily situations this time problem is perceptible in the large differences in type of speech output by people with Broca's aphasia. In free conversations, for example, aphasic patients tend to produce agrammatic speech; that is, language that lacks much of the required grammatical morphology but contains few erroneously produced morphemes. In elicited conversations, on the contrary, the speech of aphasic patients is more paragrammatic, with a high number of wrongly selected morphemes and relatively few omissions. Kolk and his collaborators (Haarmann and Kolk, 1992; Hofstede and Kolk, 1994; Kolk and Heeschen, 1990) have convincingly shown that elicited speech mainly reflects the just-described timing problem, whereas the agrammatic character of spontaneous speech is primarily an adaptation to this underlying deficit. In spontaneous speech, aphasic patients have the opportunity to create simpler sentence forms and this message simplification is an adaptive reaction to the capacity overload. In elicited speech and other time pressure situations, preventive adaptation is hardly possible, resulting in more morphological and constructional errors.
An automated image analysis platform for the study of weakly -adhered cells
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Zhijing Wan, Ben T. MacVicar, Shea Wyatt, Diana E. Varela, Rajkumar Padmawar, Dennis K. Hore
A morphological closing operation can be used after the Canny edge detection to ensure that the borders of all cells are as complete as possible (Soille 2004). Once the routine has smoothed out the noise and found the potential edges, the algorithm takes those edges and uses non-maximum suppression to find the pixels that have the sharpest gradient so that the edges become thin. This process removes all pixels which may not be part of an edge (Canny 1986). Finally, a hysteresis thresholding is performed. All pixels over a certain value (100 in the example) are considered to be edges and all pixels less than a lower threshold value (75) are rejected. Pixel values inside that range are classified by connectivity, i.e. they are determined to be edges if they are adjacent to a pixel that has been classified as an edge. The Canny parameters that control the degree of hysteresis are useful to adjust to modulate the thresholding when dealing with low contrast situations in which the cells are difficult to separate from the background. Mathematical morphology is a field that deals with the processing and analysis of geometric structures. In the case of images, these structures are formed on an integer grid. To form the grid, a structuring element which helps define the operation is used. For this report, the structuring element is a five-by-five square which is denoted by
Communication disability in Bangladesh: issues and solutions
Published in Speech, Language and Hearing, 2023
Md Jahangir Alam, Linda Hand, Elaine Ballard
There is very little data on normal communication or its development in Bangla. A start has been made in the area of the development of verb morphology, in a study published in 2016 by Sultana, Stokes, Klee, and Fletcher. They carried out a cross-sectional study of 70 typically developing Bangla-speaking children between the ages of 2 and 4 years and identified three stages of development of verb morphology by considering the accuracy of production and error types in the samples from these children. A further study by these authors in 2019 on the development of these same verb inflections in nine Bangla-speaking children with language disorders aged between 3.11 and 9.4 years found they had a comparable trajectory of performance on verb inflections to the typically developing children.
Australian speech-language pathologists’ self-rated confidence, knowledge, and skill on constructs essential to practising in literacy with children and adolescents
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2023
Caitlin F. Stephenson, Tanya A. Serry, Pamela C. Snow
Stark et al. (2016) categorised each item in their survey tool as addressing an aspect and a domain. We adhered to Stark et al.’s definition of aspect as including phonemic awareness, phonological awareness, phonics, and morphology. We deviated from Stark et al.’s categorisation by classing etymology as a single aspect rather than other". As with Stark et al.’s survey tool, items measuring phonemic awareness related to the perception and manipulation of single sounds within words. Items assessing phonological awareness related to perception and manipulation of syllabic units. Phonics items measured knowledge of letter-sound correspondences and spelling rules/generalisations. Items measuring morphology focused on the use of lexical and sublexical units of meaning to support decoding or comprehension.
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