Method of Extraction
Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf in Fingerprinting Analysis and Quality Control Methods of Herbal Medicines, 2018
Solvents are, under normal conditions, volatile, usually organic liquids capable of dissolving other gaseous, liquid or solid substances without either themselves or the dissolved substances being chemically altered. Water, pure organic liquids, and mixtures of organic liquids with water or with other organic liquids are used as extraction solvents. These organic liquids are nearly always hydrocarbons and their derivatives such as halogenated hydrocarbons, alcohol, ester, ketones, ethers, oils, and so on. The solvent or the extraction agents used in the preparation of phytopharmaceuticals must be suitable for dissolving the important therapeutic drug constituents and thus for separating them from the substances containing the drugs which are to be extracted (Sarker et al., 2005). In pharmaceutical technology, the extraction agent or solvent is known as the menstruum and the extract solution separated from the residual insoluble drug plant material is called the miscella. Selectivity, ease of handling, economy, protection of the environment, and safety are major factors to be considered in the choice of the suitable solvent or of a mixture of several solvents.
Cocaine Pharmacology and Drug Interaction in the Fetal-Maternal Unit
Richard J. Konkol, George D. Olsen in Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, 2020
Cocaine (ecgonine methyl ester benzoate) is a small molecular weight compound of 303.35 Daltons.14 It is lipid soluble with a octanol/buffer partition coefficient of 8 to 10 at pH 7.415–17 and therefore easily crosses biological membranes, including the placenta and blood brain barrier of all species.7.18 There are three thermodynamically favored points in the molecule (Figure 2.1) where chemical bonds can be broken in biological systems to form active metabolites. The N-methyl group on the ecgonine portion is removed enzymatically in the liver19–21 resulting in norcocaine which is also a lipid-soluble compound. Hydrolysis of one or both of the ester bonds in cocaine produces hydrophilic metabolites: enzymatic and spontaneous removal of the methyl group from the carboxyl group of ecgonine gives benzoylecgonine, and enzymatic loss of the benzoic acid moiety from the hydroxyl group of ecgonine results in ecgonine methyl ester.8,22–23 Hydrolysis of cocaine can occur in many tissues including the placenta.24 The methyl group on the ecgonine portion can be exchanged for an ethyl group in the presence of ethano1.25–27 This enzymatic transesterification results in cocaethylene. Cocaethylene can in turn undergo N-demethylation to form norcocaethylene. Both norcocaine and norcocaethylene are further hydrolyzed to benzoylnorecgonine. Methyl ester cleavage converts ecgonine methyl ester or ecgonine ethyl ester to ecgonine.
Production of Essential Oils
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Hydrolysis of esters to alcohols and acids can occur during steam distillation. This can have serious implications in the case of ester-rich oils, and special precautions have to be taken to prevent or at least to limit the extent of ester degradation. The most important examples of this are lavender or lavandin oils rich in linalyl acetate and cardamom oil rich in α-terpinyl acetate. Chamazulene, a blue bicyclic sesquiterpene, present in the steam-distilled oil of German chamomile, Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert, flower heads, is an artifact resulting from matricin by a complex series of chemical reactions: dehydrogenation, dehydration, and ester hydrolysis. As chamazulene is not a particularly stable compound, the deep-blue color of the oil can change to green and even yellow on aging.
Protective Effect of Tunisian Flaxseed Oil against Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Anouar Abidi, Nadia Kourda, Moncef Feki, Saloua Ben Khamsa
Chromatographic separation and identification of components of FO, lung tissue and reds blood cells were performed on a gas chromatography apparatus (6890 N, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) equipped with a flame ionization detector and capillary column HP-Innowax (30 m × 0.32 mm × 0.25 m). The amount of each sample injected was 1 mL. Nitrogen, at a constant flow 1.0 mL/min, was used as the carrier gas, and a split/splitless injector was used with a split ratio of 50:1. The injector temperature was 230 °C, and the detector temperature was 280 °C. The column temperature was programed according to the following: initial temperature was 150 °C for 1 min and then increased 15 °C/min to 210 °C and maintained for 5 min before being readjusted again 5 °C/min to 250 °C and then maintained until the end of the analysis, which takes 25 min. Fatty acid methyl esters were identified by comparison with the standard fatty acid methyl esters (Sigma, USA) and were quantified as percentages of the total methyl ester peak areas.
In vitro and in silico β-lactamase inhibitory properties and phytochemical profile of Ocimum basilicum cultivated in central delta of Egypt
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Nagwa A. Shoeib, Lamiaa A. Al-Madboly, Amany E. Ragab
The 1H NMR spectrum (provided in supplementary file) indicated the presence of five aromatic protons suggesting a monosubstituted benzene ring. The 13C NMR spectrum (provided in supplementary file) showed eight signals accounting for 10 carbons. The aromatic carbons were represented by chemical shifts at δC 134.3 (C1), 128.8 (C2,6), 130.2 (C3,5) and 128.1 (C4), while the olefinic carbons (C7 and C8) exhibited chemical shifts at δC 117.2 and 144.9. Signals for carbonyl group at 167.8 (C9) and for deshielded alkyl carbon at δC 50.8 (C10) indicated an ester group. A methyl group peak at δH 3.79 confirmed a methyl ester. These spectral data are in good concordance with those in the literature for methyl cinnamate. The stereochemistry was identified as E based on the coupling constant for the trans protons JH7–H8=16 Hz (Spekreijse et al. 2012; Sitrallah et al. 2016).
Tubulin inhibitors as novel anticancer agents: an overview on patents (2013-2018)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2019
Kashif Haider, Shaik Rahaman, M Shahar Yar, Ahmed Kamal
Negi et al. presented novel 2-benzylidene indanone derivatives having tubulin polymerization inhibitory activity. These derivatives are synthesized from gallic acid which is a plant phenolic acid. The synthetic strategy involves six steps which include methylation of gallic acid to obtain an ester intermediate. In the next step, this intermediate is converted to aldehyde. Condensation of the obtained aldehyde intermediate with ketone yield a chalcone unit which is further converted to indanone scaffold. In the last step condensation of this indanone with a suitable aromatic aldehyde gives final compound 51. Compound (51) and representing compound (51a) act as potent anticancer agents exhibited IC50 ranging from 0.01 µM to 11 µM activity against human cancer cell lines MCF-7 (breast) and HCT (Colon). Further oral activity of compound 51a was evaluated in swiss albino mice and found safe up to 300 mg/kg [57].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Acid
- Amide
- Chemical Compound
- Chemistry
- Glyceride
- Oxygen
- Hydrogen
- Hydroxy Group
- Organyl Group
- Fatty Acid Ester