The Plant Kingdom
Spyridon E. Kintzios, Maria G. Barberaki, Evangelia A. Flampouri in Plants That Fight Cancer, 2019
Some secondary metabolites are considered as metabolic waste products, e.g. alkaloids may function as nitrogen waste products. However, a significant portion of the products derived from secondary pathways serve either as protective agents against various pathogens (e.g. insects, fungi, or bacteria) or growth regulatory molecules (e.g. hormone-like substances that stimulate or inhibit cell division and morphogenesis). Due to these physiological functions, secondary metabolites are potential anticancer drugs, since either direct cytotoxicity is effected on cancer cells or the course of tumor development is modulated and eventually inhibited. Administration of these compounds at low concentrations may be lethal for microorganisms and small-sized animals, like herbivore insects; however, they affect, more or less specifically, the fastest growing tissues (such as tumors) in a larger organism, as well as humans. Cancer cytotoxic compounds may also act as cancer chemopreventive agents, by inhibiting tumor- and metastasis-specific molecular pathways. A representative list of such targeted properties of plant-derived compounds is presented in Table 2.1.
The Science Banqueting Table
Jazlin Ebenezer in Hark, Hark! Hear the Story of a Science Educator, 2020
In line with the tradition of phenomenographic research, teaching did not focus on eradicating children’s everyday or “street” language because it is well-accepted for common use to function in their daily life. However, science discourse (with proper language labels) in the science classroom is important for socializing young learners into the scientific academic community (Brown & Ryoo, 2008; Wenger, 1998). Therefore, the teacher’s specially designed instruction enabled students to perform relational talk or distinguish the contexts in which everyday talk and science talk are appropriate. She helped students to conduct the science talk with science labels in science class, thus inducing relational conceptual change. Students were helped to attach language labels such as “metabolism, metabolic wastes, and nitrogenous wastes” to their understanding. In fact, five students refer to waste as “nitrogenous waste” and three refer to it as “metabolic waste” (see Table 4.1 section a).
Muscle Fiber Types
Charles Paul Lambert in Physiology and Nutrition for Amateur Wrestling, 2020
Capillaries are the small vessels in between arterioles and venules (i.e., in between the arterial side of the body and venous side of the body). Capillaries are the blood delivery apparatus of the circulatory system. They deliver blood and remove metabolic by-products from the muscle. With training, the number of capillaries per muscle fiber goes up. Clearly, this is a good thing from both a metabolic by-product removal perspective and from a nutrient and oxygen delivery perspective. This means that the greater number of capillaries the greater perfusion of the muscle tissue in question. This results in better oxygen and nutrient delivery and the removal of hydrogen ions and lactic acid. This means that from the middle of the muscle fiber to the capillaries, the distance is decreased which allows for oxygen and nutrient delivery and the removal of metabolic by-products, to occur faster. This is a good thing for a wrestler as this means his physiology has improved. Interestingly, strength training with heavy weights without any other type of training will actually decrease capillary density relative to muscle fiber size as the distance from capillary to the middle of the muscle cell will become greater. This makes it more difficult to deliver oxygen-rich blood and nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids) and remove metabolic waste products (hydrogen ions and lactic acid) (Hudlicka 2011).
Algal extracellular polymeric substances (algal-EPS) for mitigating the combined toxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics and nano-TiO2 in Chlorella sp.
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2023
Lokeshwari Natarajan, M. Annie Jenifer, Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg, Amitava Mukherjee
One of the critical gaps in the current ecotoxicological studies of nanomaterials lies in ignoring the role of naturally occurring biopolymers in modulating their physico-chemical as well as biological interactions. Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) areone such natural biopolymer that often functions as a barrier to pollutants. EPS constitutes a key component of microalgae. Algae produce EPS for a variety of reasons, including (a) secure attachment and improvement of the local environment, and (b) as a metabolic waste. Notably, EPS secretion boosts cell survival, metabolic efficacy, and adaptability (Decho and Gutierrez 2017). These biopolymers can easily adsorb to nanomaterials in the aquatic environment, modulating their bioactivity, cytotoxicity, and physiological features (Alimi et al. 2018). This phenomenon is often referred to as eco-corona formation, the effects of which need to be considered while formulating an experimental design for nano-ecotoxicity studies in aquatic organisms.
Movement characteristics, physiological and perceptual responses of elite standard youth football players to different high intensity running drills
Published in Science and Medicine in Football, 2018
Neil V. Gibson, Greig Henning, Craig Twist
Repeated sprinting had possibly higher individualised TRIMP values than high intensity running. Although the duration of high intensity activity was less during repeated sprinting compared to high intensity running (4 s vs. 15 s) participants were required to cover the same total distance using locomotor activities that ensured they arrived at the opposite end of the running track in time to start the next repetition. Active recovery of this nature can enhance the rate at which metabolic waste products are removed (Dupont and Berthoin 2004) which may explain the similarity in response in the present study. Despite reducing specific metabolites produced during exercise, active recovery interspersing high intensity running can increase heart rate (Buchheit et al. 2009) because of a greater exercise intensity. Whilst this may be beneficial in maximising time at 2007) and could explain higher TRIMP values during repeated sprinting. Furthermore, given the relationship between RPE and the physiological response to intermittent exercise (Foster et al. 2001; Impellizzeri et al. 2004), a higher TRIMP during repeated sprinting might explain the possible increase reported in RPE after this condition compared to high intensity running.
Zingerone (4-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)butan-2-one) ameliorates renal function via controlling oxidative burst and inflammation in experimental diabetic nephropathy
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Muneeb U. Rehman, Shahzada Mudasir Rashid, Saiema Rasool, Sheeba Shakeel, Bilal Ahmad, Sheikh Bilal Ahmad, Hassan Madkhali, Majid Ahmad Ganaie, Sabiya Majid, Showkat Ahmad Bhat
Kidney injury molecule-1 is a trans-membrane tubular protein markedly induced in renal injury both in chronic kidney disease (CKD) as well as acute kidney injury (AKI) (Vaidya et al.2006, Huo et al.2010, Shao et al.2014). Ahmed and Hameed (2015) reported KIM-1 to be a specific predictor for early detection of DN and related disorders. Also KIM-1 is known as very sensitive marker and potent target for therapeutic intervention of DN in experimental model (Alter et al.2012). In our study, HFD/STZ-treated rats showed increased level of KIM-1 (Figure 2) which was in agreement with previous findings of Alter et al. (2012) and Vaidya et al. (2006). Zingerone administration reduced the level of KIM-1 back to normal levels at both the doses (Figure 2). Also, LDH, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) are recognised as simplest markers to monitor kidney function. These substances are usual metabolic waste materials that are excreted by the kidneys (Dabla 2010). STZ/HFD resulted in increased LDH, creatinine, and BUN in accordance with previous studies (Skovso 2014). Zingerone decreased their level, thus showing substantial protection bestowed against DN (Table 3).