Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment of Cartilage Lesions in the Hip
K. Mohan Iyer in Hip Joint in Adults: Advances and Developments, 2018
There has been a great deal of excitement in the literature over the last few decades over the emergence of novel therapies and techniques that have the potential to cure cartilage disease. Repair of articular hyaline cartilage lesions is difficult because this tissue is avascular, aneural and alymphatic and exists in the unforgiving biomechanical environment of diarthrodial joints. The International Society for Cell Therapy subcommittee decided to use the term 'multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells' rather than 'mesenchymal stem cells' (MSC). Chemotactic homing of endogenous MSCs has also been explored and used to induce chondrogenesis with the appropriate growth factors in vitro. Chondral lesions of the hip have not been investigated sufficiently to provide us with a robust pathway of treatment. Surgical skills in hip arthroscopy are also developing, and this is sure to improve cartilage restoration techniques regardless of the cells being used.
The New Frontiers in Bone Tissue Engineering
Ugo Ripamonti in The Geometric Induction of Bone Formation, 2020
The angiogenic induction in mesenchymal condensations is noteworthy and correlates with the alkaline phosphatase staining. High-power views indicate the migration of mesenchymal stem cells from the angiogenic compartment of the invading mesenchymal condensations to the osteogenic compartment of the differentiating osteogenic cells at the hydroxyapatite interface. Osteoclastic activity re-patterning the surface micro-geometry of the implanted macroporous bioreactors is the key factor resulting in the spontaneous and/or intrinsic induction of bone formation. The critical role of the concavity spontaneously initiating the induction of bone formation was confirmed by intramuscular rectus abdominis implantation of sintered crystalline hydroxyapatites with concavities of specific dimensions on both planar surfaces of the sintered constructs. The central question in developmental biology and thus tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is the molecular basis of pattern formation. Special thanks to Raquel Duarte, Caroline Dickens, Therese Dix-Peek and Rolando Klar, who molecularly assigned the spontaneous induction of bone formation by coral-derived bioreactors.
Stem cells in the cardiovascular system
Mary L. Clarke, Jonathan Frampton in Stem Cells, 2020
This chapter focuses separately on the stem cells that constitute the vasculature and the heart, although there is some overlap in that the cardiac endothelium is contiguous with that in vessels and both tissues require replenishment of endothelial cells and smooth muscle. It divides discussion of vessel wall progenitors into three categories, namely endothelial progenitor cells, smooth muscle progenitor cells, and multipotent vascular stem cells that encompass so-called pericytes and mesenchymal stem cells. The mammalian heart wall is separated into three layers, namely the innermost endocardium that forms a continuum with the endothelial lining of the blood vessels, the middle myocardium, and the outermost epicardium. A number of cardiac progenitor cell types have been described within the adult mammalian heart, but there is not general agreement on their molecular identity or specific markers with which they can be isolated or indeed whether there are one or more progenitor cell types.
Limbal Epithelial and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Corneal Regeneration
Published in Current Eye Research, 2020
Sachin Shukla, Swapna S Shanbhag, Fatemeh Tavakkoli, Shobhit Varma, Vivek Singh, Sayan Basu
Corneal pathologies are a major cause of blindness and visual impairment, especially in the developing world. However, not only is there a global shortage of donor corneal tissue, but a significant proportion of these blinding pathologies also carry an unfavourable long-term prognosis for conventional corneal transplantation. In the last few decades, there has been a spurt of research on developing alternate approaches to address corneal blindness, including stem cell therapy. After the discovery of epithelial stem cells at the limbus, successful cell-based approaches to treat severe ocular surface disease were developed and have subsequently become widely practised across the world. More recently, mesenchymal stem cells were identified near the epithelial stem cells at the limbus, providing a unique opportunity to develop regenerative therapies for both corneal epithelial and stromal pathologies. This review firstly emphasises on qualifying limbal stem cells as either epithelial or mesenchymal and then summarises all the existing knowledge on both cell types and their individual roles in corneal regeneration. The review describes the history, indications, techniques, and outcomes of the different methods of limbal epithelial stem cell transplantation and elaborates on the potential applications of limbal mesenchymal stem cell therapy.
Potential benefits of allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for wound healing
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2011
Alexander R Badiavas, Evangelos V Badiavas
Introduction: It is becoming increasingly evident that select adult stem cells have the capacity to participate in repair and regeneration of damaged and/or diseased tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells have been among the most studied adult stem cells for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including wound healing. Areas covered: Mesenchymal stem cell features potentially beneficial to cutaneous wound healing applications are reviewed. Expert opinion: Given their potential for in vitro expansion and immune modulatory effects, both autologous and allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells appear to be well suited as wound healing therapies. Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells derived from young healthy donors could have particular advantage over autologous sources where age and systemic disease can be significant factors.
Angiogenic Activity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Multiple Myeloma
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2011
Xiaofang Wang, Zhiqing Zhang, Cheng Yao
The pathophysiology of multiple myeloma-induced angiogenesis is complex and involves both direct production of angiogenic cytokines by plasma cells and their induction within the microenvironment. In this research, we investigated whether mesenchymal stem cells participated in inducing the angiogenic response in multiple myeloma, and explored the mechanism by which MSCs influence myeloma angiogenesis. We detected the concentration of angiogenic factors (bFGF, HGF, and VEGF) in the conditioned medium of mesenchymal stem cells and the capillary formation ability of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. We found that conditioned medium of MSCs derived from MM significantly promoted the proliferation, chemotaxis, and capillary formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells compared with that from normal donors. ELISA and RT-PCR were used to detect the mRNA and protein levels of angiogenic factors (bFGF, HGF, and VEGF) in the conditioned medium. We found that mRNA and protein levels of angiogenic factors were elevated in MSCs from multiple myeloma compared with normal donors.