The Fight Against Cancer
Nathan Keighley in Miraculous Medicines and the Chemistry of Drug Design, 2020
In normal cells, vascular growth factors are usually released when tissues have been damaged. Angiogenesis helps repair the injuries and is regulated by angiogenesis inhibitors, such as angiostatin and thrombospondin. Matrix metalloproteinases are enzymes that break down the membrane around the blood vessels to allow endothelial cells to migrate towards the tumour and enable the release of angiogenesis factors. Tumours are able to receive the blood supply they require due to a disruption to this balance. Furthermore, this increases the risk of cancer cells escaping from the primary source and metastasizing because of the increased availability of blood and newly developing endothelial cells can release proteins such as interleukin-6 that stimulates metastasis. The angiogenesis promoted by cancer cells result in the production of abnormal blood vessels, which are dilated, permeable, and have a disorganised structure. Also, integrin molecules are displayed on the cell surface membrane, which are usually absent from mature cells, so prevent apoptosis.
Natural Products and Stem Cells and Their Commercial Aspects in Cosmetics
Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters in Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
As mentioned in the animal ingredients section of this chapter, collagen has skin regenerative properties and is present in all multicellular organisms. This includes fish and jellyfish (Zhuang et al., 2009). Further, collagen-stimulating actives can be used in antiaging applications. One example is the extract of the Chlorella vulgaris microalga (Wang et al., 2015). Keratin is another protein that can be extracted from marine sources, specifically from fish scales (Corbeil et al., 2000). Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes play a role in skin aging by degrading collagen and forming wrinkles. Thus, inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases are being investigated as antiaging actives for cosmetic formulations (Zhang and Kim, 2009). Sources of inhibitors include peptides and proteins found in seahorses (Ryu et al., 2010) and Atlantic cod (Lodemel et al., 2004), as well as phlorotannins, which are polyphenol compounds mainly sourced from brown algae and not found terrestrially. Examples of phlorotannins being investigated are eckol and dieckol from Ecklonia stolonifera that inhibit MMP-1 (Min-Jeong et al., 2006), and 6,6′-bieckol from Ecklonia cava that inhibits MMP-2 and MMP-9 (Zhang et al., 2010).
Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants
Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal in Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
In ovariectomy (OVX) rats, curcumin, and tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) have revealed alike effectiveness for skin tail temperature, while THC prohibited glucose intolerance involved in aggravating osteoarthritis. Both these experimented components helped in protection from symptoms of osteoarthritis and behavior related to pain more compared to 17β-estradiol treatment in estrogen-deficient rats. Along with this, they preserved lean body mass; and fat mass was reduced equal to that of 17β-estradiol treatment. Symptoms of osteoarthritis were improved due to reduced expressions of MMP3, MMP13, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and matrix metalloproteinases genes in the articular cartilage [59].
Involvement of NF-κB signaling pathway in the regulation of PRKAA1-mediated tumorigenesis in gastric cancer
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Yangmei Zhang, Xichang Zhou, Qinglin Zhang, Youwei Zhang, Xiang Wang, Long Cheng
Matrix metalloproteinase is an important factor in the degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. MMP-2 is an important member of the family, regulated by NF-κB signaling and closely related to the occurrence and metastasis of malignant tumors [43,44]. Inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway significantly abolished the cell invasion and up-regulation of MMP-2 in GC cells [45]. Our study showed that PRKAA1 knockdown significantly inhibited NF-κB activation and MMP-2 expression. These data suggest that PRKAA1 may regulate cell migration and invasion through NF-κB/MMP2 signaling pathway. In line with our findings that PRKAA1 knockdown significantly attenuated AICAR-induced NF-κB activation in human leukemic cell line THP-1 [46]. Inhibiting NF-κB signaling and expression of MMP2 markedly suppressed the invasion and migration of B16F-10 melanoma cells and AGS gastric adenocarcinoma cells in vitro [47,48]. Our rescue experiments found that PRKAA1 overexpression significantly inhibited NF-κBp50 knockdown-mediated the decrease of GC cell invasion and migration while PRKAA1 knockdown significantly inhibited NF-κBp50 overexpression-induced the increase of GC cell invasion and migration, which indicated that PRKAA1 may associate with NF-κBp50-induced the invasion and migration of GC cells.
Molecular evidence for the role of inflammation in dry eye disease
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2019
Kalaivarny Ganesalingam, Salim Ismail, Trevor Sherwin, Jennifer P Craig
Matrix metalloproteinases are endopeptidases involved in tissue remodelling. Elevated levels of pro‐matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and increased activity of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 have been shown in clinical evaluations of DED.2008 In experimental dry eye models, matrix metalloproteinase‐1, matrix metalloproteinase‐3, matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and matrix metalloproteinase‐13 have all been found to be upregulated in the corneal epithelium in response to hyperosmolar stress.2006 Furthermore, knockout models of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 implicate this molecule as having a fundamental role in inflammation at the ocular surface.2005 Point‐of‐care technology for qualitative assessment of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 at the ocular surface now allows detection of clinically significant inflammation in DED.2013
Resveratrol inhibits ACHN cells via regulation of histone acetylation
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Lili Dai, Lingyan Chen, Wenjing Wang, Peizheng Lin
Matrix metalloproteinases are considered to be regulatory factors of tumour microenvironment and carcinogenesis (Strbac et al. 2018). The MMPs are involved in the key ECM degradation of proteolytic enzyme family (Curran et al. 2004; Chen KE et al. 2018; Qiao et al. 2018) and are used to disrupt the interaction of cells–cells and cells–ECM by tissue remodelling. Studies have shown that the MMPs, particularly MMP-2 and MMP-9, key members of the MMP family, play a vital role in angiogenesis, invasion and transferring of tumours, including RCC (Ramos et al. 2016; Chen et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2017; Beardo et al. 2019). Therefore, gelatine zymography was performed to determine the activity of MMP-2/-9. We found that resveratrol significantly decreased MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions. However, one previous research reported that the expression level of MMP-2 in ACHN cells was not affected by resveratrol (Zhao et al. 2018). The difference may be explained by concentrations of resveratrol and action times applied in the two studies. These data indicated that resveratrol could inhibit activity of MMP-2/-9. Studies have shown that MMP-2/-9 activity is associated with histone acetylation (Yeh et al. 2016).
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