Medicinal Properties of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
Dilip Ghosh, Pulok K. Mukherjee in Natural Medicines, 2019
Although the digestion-stimulating effect of this spice have long been known, the stimulating effect on peptic juices, such as gastric juice, bile, pancreatic and intestinal juices was a later discovery. Bile acids play a major role in the uptake of fat and any upset in fat metabolism will slow down food digestion as a whole because fatty particles cover the food elements and make them inaccessible for the action of digestive enzymes. Lipase also plays important role in fat digestion. Ginger has long been associated with reduction in body weight. The effect may be mediated by enzymatic action. When ginger was included in animal diet, there was a considerable increase in the pancreatic and intestinal lipase, indicating a better breakdown of fat particles (Platel and Srinivasan 2000).
A Review on L-Asparaginase
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Collagenase aids in the treatment of burns and skin ulcers. It helps to lyse and remove dead skin and dead tissue, thereby helping the repair mechanism. This ultimately improves the action of antibiotics to work better in improving the individual’s healing process (Ostlie et al., 2012). Lipase helps in the treatment of digestive disorders. By activating the tumor necrosis factor, they can be used in the treatment of malignant tumors. Disorders like dyspepsia, gastrointestinal disturbances and digestive allergies are treated with lipase enzymes. Lipase obtained from Candida rugosa is used to produce lovastatin, a drug that has the ability to decrease serum-level cholesterol. The hydrolysis of 3-phenylglycidic acid ester is a key intermediate in the production of diltiazem hydrochloride. It is more commonly used as a coronary vasodilator and is synthesized from Serratia marcescens lipase.
Atherosclerosis
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia in Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
Lipoprotein lipase is present in many tissues; adipose tissue and skeletal muscle constitute major sites. This lipase is primarily responsible for the hydrolysis of plasma lipoprotein triglyceride.351 Lipoprotein lipase differs from other lipases in that it needs apoC-II as a cofactor and is activated by low concentrations of heparin.629 Lipoprotein lipase activity can show wide fluctuations representing an adaptive mechanism whereby plasma triglyceride fatty acids are removed from circulation according to need.465 During postprandial triglyceride storage, the adipose tissue lipase activity is high. When triglycerides are mobilized as in starvation, lipase activity is low. This decrease in enzyme activity on the endothelial surface can result in an increased accumulation of VLDL and chylomicrons in the circulation. There are two pathological conditions connected with reduced lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue: (1) uncontrolled diabetes mellitus317,332,507 and (2) familial hyperchylomicronemia (Type I hyperlipoproteinemia).566 In diabetes mellitus, lipase deficiency of adipose tissue is due to reduced levels of circulating insulin. Following treatment with this hormone, the enzyme activity returns to normal.329,360 There is an interaction between lipoprotein lipase and heparin-like polysaccharides.57
Strong inhibitory activities and action modes of lipopeptides on lipase
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Mei-chun Chen, Tian-tian Liu, Jie-ping Wang, Yan-ping Chen, Qing-xi Chen, Yu-jing Zhu, Bo Liu
Dietary and lifestyle modifications such as calorie restriction and physical exercises are the common strategies adopted to control body weight; further, these methods have limited anti-obesity effects4. It has previously been reported that lipase inhibition is a potential strategy for counteracting obesity. Digestive lipase hydrolyses non-absorbable dietary triglycerides to smaller absorbable molecules of monoglycerides and free fatty acids, which are absorbed by the intestine. Inhibiting digestive lipase can reduce intestinal fat absorption5–7. Human pancreatic lipase is the main enzyme in intestinal digestion of dietary fats in the human digestive system. To date, a wide variety of natural products have been used as pancreatic lipase inhibitors, which originate from plants and metabolites of microorganisms. These include lipstatin, panclicins, saponins, polyphenols, flavonoids, caffeine, chitin, chitosan, etc5. The lipase inhibitor orlistat is the only one obesity-treatment drug currently available in the market, which reduces intestinal fat absorption via inhibition of pancreatic lipase; however, it has been reported to cause certain side effects, e.g. oily stools, oily spotting, and flatulence1,8. Some polyphenol compounds have been reported to have potential adverse effects on microorganisms and animal at high concentrations9,10. Thus, there is still a need to explore safe and effective anti-obesity drugs.
Targeting the intestinal lymphatic system: a versatile path for enhanced oral bioavailability of drugs
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2018
Renuka Suresh Managuli, Sushil Yadaorao Raut, Meka Sreenivasa Reddy, Srinivas Mutalik
The mechanism involved in uptake of lipid formulations into ILS is not yet clearly established. However, it has been hypothesized that these lipid formulations like diet lipid stimulate the synthesis of chylomicron and the drug get associated with these chylomicrons leading to its uptake into ILS via lacteal. The detailed mechanism involved in lipid absorption through ILS from the intestinal lumen is as follows: The lipids in the small intestine are acted upon by bile salt and pancreatic lipase which are mixed with the chyme. Bile acids by virtue of their amphiphillic nature, promote the emulsification of lipids, wherein hydrophobic part of bile acid interacts with lipid bilayer and hydrophilic part shields the surface of large lipid aggregates leading to its breakdown into smaller version. Pancreatic lipase then acts on the surface of triglyceride and breaks into monoglyceride and fatty acids. Unless the triglycerides are broken into monoglycerides and fatty acids, there will be reduced absorption of lipid and this strategy is used in the treatment of obesity using drugs such as ‘Orlistat’ which inhibits pancreatic lipase.
Oral delivery of solid lipid nanoparticles: underlining the physicochemical characteristics and physiological condition affecting the lipolysis rate
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Mohammad Mahmoudian, Solmaz Maleki Dizaj, Sara Salatin, Raimar Löbenberg, Maryam Saadat, Ziba Islambulchilar, Hadi Valizadeh, Parvin Zakeri-Milani
Digestion of dietary lipid is initiated by lingual lipase, which is secreted by a serous gland in the mouth and continued in the stomach. And, 5–40% of total triacylglycerols (TAGs) are converted into free fatty acids (FFAs), diacylglycerols (DAGs), and monoacylglycerols (MAGs) by gastric lipases [72–75]. Most of the orally administered lipids are mainly hydrolyzed in the small intestine. Digestive juices of small intestine contain different types of lipases: human pancreatic lipase (HPL), colipase, carboxy ester hydrolase (CEH), Pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PPA2), two human pancreatic lipase-related proteins (HPLRP1 and HPLRP2), and endogenous biosurfactants including bile salts, and phospholipids. In the small intestine, 70–90% of TAGs are hydrolyzed into DAGs, MAGs, and FFAs by HPL. 40–70% of total TAGs are converted into two molecules of FFAs and one molecule of 2-monoglyceride (2-MG). The resulted 2-MGs are hydrolyzed by CEH and PLRP 2 to yield a third FA and glycerol [7,24,72,75]. The point that should be noticed is lipolysis occurs at the lipid-water interface of the lipids. Colipase, as a cofactor of HPL, forms a complex with HPL and facilitates its adsorption onto the surface of the lipids [7,75,76]. Colipase and colipase/lipase complex require a hydrophobic area of 1.5–5 and 9 nm2, respectively, to form a lipid–water interface binding site [76]. The resulted monoglycerides and FAs, as lipolysis products, leave the surface of the lipid droplets and form mixed micelles with endogenous biosurfactants; phospholipids, and bile salts that are secreted by the liver [24,75].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Biochemistry
- Catalysis
- Enzyme
- Ester
- Hydrolysis
- Phospholipid
- Fat
- Cholesterol
- Vitamin
- Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase